How would you direct act 1 scene 3 of Macbeth? Essay

Through this essay, I aim to present my ideas as to how I would direct act 1 scene 7 of Macbeth. I will also analyse the text and explain what I think it means. In my play, the two characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth would be like nothing before. Throughout the play, the characters would distinctly change; in fact Macbeth and Lady Macbeth would practically switch rolls. For example, to begin with, Macbeth is soft, weak of mind, and it is Lady Macbeth who leads him and pushes him forward. Through this scene, she should appear to be wicked, even evil, and this should especially stand out in this scene. The point in the scene were I would make this very apparent, are between the lines 54 – 59. Here, lady Macbeth states her loyalty for Macbeth, when she says ‘I have given suck and know how tender ’tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dash the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this.’ The way I would direct the actor through this is as follows. I would have her pause between the words ‘smiling’ and ‘in’ to show that the very thought of her child’s face really does have an effect on her, and that she is not all evil, although the insight into this side of LM would be so short the audience should wonder if they even saw it. Then, the phrase ‘dash the brains out’ she would mime a moment, as if she was performing the act. This is just one example of how I want LM co come across in the play; a wicked, scary and evil, but you should have the feeling that she isn’t all bad or perhaps, so wasn’t always this evil. Later though, when Macbeth kills the king he suddenly changes from weak one, to evil one, it should almost appear that LM and M switched characters as at that point LM breaks down, and becomes the weak one of the two. In 16th c, women had a very different role to the one they have today. My research shows this through several ways, but the major one is that if a man considered a woman to be a potentional trouble maker, he would accuse her of being a witch, there by having her killed. This meant that women couldn’t stand out in any way, leaving the responsibilities of gaining honour and power to the men. Through the play I want to show this clearly. I will do so by having LM aggressive while it is only she and M. but as soon as they are in other company, she is quiet and submissive only reminding M by shooting him glare after glare. The way people acted in the 16th c. should show through the play. For instance, honour in the 16th c. was a major part of society. This will show through M character in the play, especially at the beginning of act 1 scene 7, when M is making his soliloquy and telling LM of his decision (to not kill the king). I would direct the actor to strain his voice while making it appear as if he was trying to protect his honour when he says ‘he’s here, in double trust:’ and ‘I am his kin’s man and his subject’ then ‘as his host I should against his murder shut the door’. He should emphasize on the words ‘host’, ‘against’ and ‘kin’s man’. By doing this, the actor is showing that if he were to kill the king, then his honour would be tarnished. At the time the play was written, king James 1 was in power. For this reason I think the play, was written as it would greatly appeal to the king. – ‘The man who killed his fellow king, watch how his life is destroyed!’ I would want this to show through my play, as I want to keep the play as true to the original as possible in this respect, as it would give the play another layer of depth and therefore make it more interesting. My version of this scene would be set in a 16th c. city, during a large feast hosted by the Macbeth’s in the city centre. M is down a side ally when LM joins him part way through the scene. Throughout the scene M and LM are both tense as they are nervous about anyone walking in on them. The reason I would set it in the 16th c. is because honour was a major part of society which is one of my main themes of the play, along with King James being in power at the time. Also in the 16th c. community events involving the entire town/city were not uncommon, making my version of act 1 scene 7 perfectly viable. The reason I’ve chosen to set it in a city is to fit in with the story but to make it totally unique. It would allow for everyone to get drunk including Duncan’s guard, which intern allows the murder to take place in a unique way, with LM and M travailing out doors to reach the king’s quarters. The way this would work is as follows: the king would be down stairs in one of the houses bordering the city centre, with one other man (his guard). While everyone else is asleep, slumped over benches and of the like LM and M would silently make their way over the bodies to the city centre. I would create tension by the music which I would put in place and having some of the people stirring in and out of sleep as the Macbeth’s pass. Then when they finally reach the king’s quarters, a man is lying across the front door causing M to enter through the window. Then when M climbs through the window into the room where Duncan is asleep, the lights will dim leaving, a candle lit glow illuminating the room. When the murder takes place the dim orange glow would dramatically switch to a vibrant blood red. Simultaneously a white light will illuminate both of the Macbeth’s faces showing clearly their expressions. M has a faint grin on his face as he takes strength from the act, while LM shrivels and becomes by far the weaker of the two. This is the point in the play where their characters switch. I would want my play to stand out from the rest, and to do that I would update the language. I think this would help younger students, understand the play resulting in a far wider audience. However I wouldn’t want a very young audience, as it is not suitable. However to keep it in theme with the 16th c. ideas I would not be able to update all the language in the play. An example of this would be in act 1 scene 7 where LM states ‘he has almost supped, why have you left the chamber?’ this would translate into ‘the meal has almost finished, why have you left the feast?’ This still holds much of the original meaning but it is far easier to understand making it more enjoyable for some people. Apart from this, I wouldn’t change anything else in the play, as I think it would distract from the main story because I would be more focused on the alterations than the story line, thus distracting from the meaning of the play. Shakespeare uses this scene to explore several themes. The first of these is honour. I would display this strongly through M before he kills the king, and then after when he has no honour everything falls apart in his life. (What happens to him was written as a warning, to please the king). I would display the transition from honour to dishonour as described earlier. I would also have LM fearful when she realises that she and her husband have made a terrible mistake. This shows that honour is very important and without it you have nothing. The 2nd theme is the concept of people being two faced. This would radiate from LM in this scene. I have chosen this as one of my themes as I think I could get a lot across throughout the play based on this. It tallies well with LM’s character- evil (even though she reveals it to M alone). Through act 1 scene 7 I would have LM be very tense and conscience that someone could over hear their conversation. To emphasise the evil side of her I would not only have her speak slowly between the lines 48-59, but also between lines 35-44. I would have her layer her voice with malice and occasionally pausing for effect. This would create a contrast between the perfect LM and the ‘evil’ wife M. the final theme I will have is power and the need the Macbeth’s have for it. To make this theme stand out in act 1 scene 7, I would have LM labour on the words ‘wouldst thou have that which thou esteem’st the ornament of life,’ these words state, ‘do you not want the highest achievement?’ which is the highest achievement of power. This displays the greed of power and wealth that LM has and simultaneously appealing to her husbands greatest desire- power. In my version of act 1 scene 7, the two characters of M and LM will really show their ‘true colours’. At the beginning of the scene when LM hasn’t yet walked in, M starts off with his soliloquy. This soliloquy is the equivalent to what M is thinking. He states that he doesn’t really want to kill Duncan when he says ‘not bear the knife myself’ it is at this point that M fully decides he will not kill Duncan. After this, all he does is give reasons why it is a good thing he is not going through with murdering him. Through the soliloquy, M talks himself out of murdering his king and ‘kinsman’. He comes up with lots of reasons for instance the king is in ‘double trust’ and he is ‘his host’. This soliloquy should clearly declare the state M’s mind is in as he acts out his thoughts to the audience. The audience should clearly see that M is very unstable and is torn between power and the right thing. †˜But here upon this Blanc and shoal of time, we’d jump the life to come. But in these cares we still have judgement’. However simply reading the words out would not convey the depth of meaning I wish to convey. So I would have the actor show unrest in the first few lines. Then as the soliloquy goes on M should become slowly more confident, then when he reaches his decision not to kill the king, he finally has the courage to hold his head high. This represents the battle going on inside his mind. Once the battle is resolved however M is confident and clear minded as he knows what he thinks he’ll do. Throughout the soliloquy all that can be heard is M talking as the audience are effectively hearing what is inside M’s head. The way M works the issue though his mind is by coming up with lots of reasons why not to kill Duncan, while totally ignoring his greed for power, resulting in a temporary decision. For example he starts of by saying, ‘first as I am his kinsman and his subject strong both against the deed’, then ‘this Duncan have borne his faculties so meek, hath been so clear in his great office that his virtues will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued against the deep damnation of his taking off.’ Then he goes on to say, ‘and pity, like a naked newborn babe striding the blast, or heaven’s cherub s horsed upon the slightest couriers of the air, shall blow the horrid deed in every eye, that tears shell drown the wind.’ Through these examples of M reckoning with himself, we can see an argument which first stacks his honour, ‘first as I am his kinsman and his subject’. And then how he would be effected. It says that the ‘cherubs would blow it in every eye’, and that ‘the wind would be filled with tears’. This shows that, if he does commit the deed, he will be discovered, as ‘angelic children’ watch over Duncan. Which basically means he is in Gods favour, ergo, with God against him, M cannot hope to win, and would surly be found out. When LM walks in at the end of the soliloquy, M tells her that ‘they will do no further in this business’. (That he won’t kill Duncan). When he tells LM this, h er immediate reaction is shock, (I would direct the actor to look taken aback when M says the line ‘He hath honoured me of late,’. It would be it that point because when M says ‘we will proceed no further in this business’ she isn’t quite sure what he means). This would be shortly followed by anger, ‘was the hope drunk wherein you dressed yourself?’ LM then very quickly rallies on M and begins to brutally persuade him again to kill Duncan. First of all, she calls him a coward by saying ‘art thou afraid to be the same in thine own act and valour, as thou art in desire?’ She then goes on to say that he lacks ‘manliness’. However, the stroke that wins M back to her way of thinking is often interpreted as evil, (between lines 54 – 59). These lines show LM terrifying loyalty, and word wise, make her sound totally evil. These lines shock M (and the audience, especially at the time it was written) into going along with the plan. I would show this on stage, by having M shrink away from LM, and wincing at the key words. I think that Shakespeare wanted to have the effect of totally shocking the audience, and I would want to do the same. However, I think Shakespeare intended to shock his audience through the fact that the character is evil, I would, however, rely on modern society and the fact that most people would be horrified by the thought of ‘dashing the brains out’ of a ‘newborn babe’. I would also have the background noise of laughter and singing throughout these lines, to create an eerie silence. Lighting wise, I would have a harsh white light shining across the stage at them to wash out all colour and create a scene of death and evil. All this should have the effect of shock and almost disbelief on the audience as I would want these lines to be burned into their memories, because they are the most poignant lines in the play. They carry so many connotations that without them being remembered, the entire purpose of the scene would be lost. As soon as LM has finished this speech, M makes one final attempt to redirect LM by saying (feebly), ‘if we should fall?’ but LM sweeps the words away like the feeble attempt it was. From then on, the rest of the scene if dominated my LM as M is still in reprieve from what LM said; (As the audience should be). At the end of the scene, the characters of M and LM are finally in agreement. LM has convinced M to go through with murdering Duncan, his ‘kinsman’. So, at the end of the scene, LM is fully in command, but this will soon change. Throughout act 1 scene 7 are devices designed to make it stand out. The first one seen in this part of M is the soliloquy. Through this Shakespeare wanted to captivate the audience for the scene that would follow. I would make this device work by introducing lighting, sound, and directing the actors. Personally I would make the soliloquy work by firstly working on M. he would be wearing makeup, put on to make him look tired and drawn. M the scene on stage, with his head hanging low, He would begin speaking feverishly then as the soliloquy develops, he should become stronger and more confident, as described before. The turning point in the soliloquy is when M realises what he was planning was ‘wrong’ and that it was doomed to fail. Ergo, he decides not to kill Duncan. At this point M lifts his head and says triumphantly ‘he is here in double trust’. At this point the lighting would become lighter and warmer, both representing the revelation in his mind. This lighting will be effective, as it will be in total contrast to the previous lighting, which was a harsh white. If this were to be made into a film, I would place a heroic, but faint tune in the background, played by a brass band to add to the texture and connotations of the play. The second device used by Shakespeare is ‘violent imagery’. This device come through the play on several occasions, for instance, when LM displays her loyalty and depth of commitment while trying to bring her husband back on course. This device has major importance throughout the play. An example of how I would direct a section of this is between lines 54 – 59. I would have LM act out the phrases ‘pluck my nipple from his boneless gums’ and ‘dash the brains out’. This is designed to help the audience visualise what she is saying, therefore having a larger, and deeper impact. Unlike before, even if this was made into a film, I would have no music underneath, as this might distract form the lines. The same goes for in the theatre; I would not place any music underneath, as the words are powerful enough! Act 1 scene 7 is a very important scene in the play ‘Macbeth’. It is during this scene that the most important decision is made. it was also during this scene that the most dramatic and most memorable lines throughout the play are said by LM,(her son â€Å"dash his brains out†).It is also the first time that M attempts to stand up to LM. In short, had this scene of the play been lost or forgotten the entire play would also have been forgotten, as this scene, is by far the most memorable scene, and makes it a classic. In my version of this scene, I would strive to make the audience pity M for his weak mind and be shocked by LM with her brutal ways. I would want this response because it would indicate that the audience had understood the meaning, and that I had directed it well. Out of everything that is said in this scene, I think that what LM said between lines 54 and 59 are the most pivotal and provocative because is at that moment in the play, that it becomes cl ear this story will last for centuries. And this essay is living proof. The audience are meant to feel sorry for M at the beginning of the scene, as it should be clear, he is in a mess. However, they should shortly feel resentment towards him, when they watch how LM manipulates him, (i.e. calling him a ‘coward’ and attacking his manliness). I am fairly sure that Shakespeare wanted the same, and therefore I want to achieve the same. My views on this scene are very similar to want I have directed throughout this essay. I think that M is very unstable and up until he kills Duncan has very little confidence. He relies heavily on LM to make many of the decisions and to motivate him. I think, on the other hand that Lady Macbeth is not evil. I think that she is a strong minded woman who craved power and had t o motivate her weak husband to get it for her. (A sign of the times). Later in the play, when Duncan is killed I think that M gains confidence with his new status and the ease with which he got it. In contrast LM realised the enormous mistake they had made and began to break down. As a whole, I think the play is packed with morals and at the time was written to please the current king. (King James 1). Amazingly, I think it relates to today’s society very well with one of the main themes being ‘you cannot read people by their outward appearances’. As in these days the world seems to over value and focuses too much on image. Therefore this plays still bears a powerful and very meaningful message, even today, 500 years later.

Product Development Specifications

1)a. When making patterns, they can either be produced in house or be outsourced. Both types have their advantages and disadvantages. The advantage to using in house pattern making is that the fit of the garment can be more customized. When a company makes its own patterns, it has years of experience with their target market and their needs. Also, companies that produce their own patterns can base new patterns off of previous seasons. However, a disadvantage is that is expensive, and a smaller company may not have the resources to use their own pattern makers.When outsourcing pattern making, a company can either use pattern making services, or full service contractors. Pattern making services create patterns without the product developer having to invest in their own computerized pattern making system. The other type of out sourced pattern making, full service contractors, are usually used by product developers looking to knock off a design. The product developer sends an already mad e sample to the pattern maker with size specifications. Full service contractors are more difficult to use when making original designs.Some disadvantages to outsourcing pattern making are that different countries have different methods of pattern making and different perceptions of the body. Also it takes time to check samples, and language and measurement system are usually different in other countries. b. When choosing materials, specifications can either be open or closed. Open specs are when the information provided is more generic and only contains basic facts. Closed specs are when the specifications are very detailed and specify an exact material and supplier.A disadvantage to closed specs is that they can become very expensive. However an advantage is that they ensure consistency of the end product. Some advantages to open specs are that they are cheaper and less time consuming, however the end product could be less accurate. c. Tolerances are variations from criteria that will be allowed when producing a product. If a product does not meet tolerances, it will be rejected. Tolerances can either be tight or loose. Tight tolerances have less room for variation.The advantages to tight tolerances are that products will be more consistent, and fit better. However, the disadvantages are that it is costly, and time consuming as it may take a few tries to meet tight standards. Loose tolerances are when specs have a wider variation. Products that have loose tolerances vary more often, but are cheaper and faster to produce. 3) Standards and specifications in the product development process are very important because they affect quality, cost, and the time it takes to produce an item.In general, when a product has more standards and specifications it takes longer to produce and is more costly, but it will be a more consistent, high quality product that fits better. When there are less standards and looser specifications, products can be made faster and for cheap er but will be of a lower quality. When choosing standards and specifications it is important for the product developer to keep the company and its end target market in mind. For instance, when developing product for companies such as Zara or Forever 21, the focus is on producing products quickly as fashion is always changing and trending up or down.These companies would use looser specifications with lower standards to get their product produced as quickly as possible. Since the product is at a lower price point, the quality of products is not taken into as much consideration. However, for products that set the trends and are sold at higher price points, more time would be taken on specs and standards as the target market expects quality. LIM College. (2010). Chapter 9: Translating Concept to Product. Product Development (pp. 262-279). United States of America: Fairchild Books, a Division of Conde Nast Publications.

Portraits from 1480-1560 - Beauty and Power Essay

Portraits from 1480-1560 - Beauty and Power - Essay Example On looking at the precision and detail Leonardo and other artists afforded his portraits, it is evident that what they were drawing was not merely portraits but ‘reality’ as it were. The artist’s attention to detail shows the modern person how life was during the time (Tinagli88). At the point, the portraits were supposed to be three-quarter so that the sitter could lock their eyes with the painter in a way that signified dialogue. It was believed that the eyes were the instrument through which love was communicated yet a few of the most celebrated portraits did not lock eyes with the viewer. Portrait Ginevra de’ Benci did not lock eyes with the beholder in spite of her being a renowned poet and hailed for her work which preached love. In his documentation, Leonardo wrote that he understood the conventions of beauty as depicted in poetry and believed that a painter yields, even more, power over men’s mind as in his work, he could draw a portrait that a man can fall in love too. The painting may not even depict a living person. In his argument, Leonardo is right to state that the paintings had power over the mind of men. Mostly, the eyes were believed to communicate love. In such a case, if the person received a portrait of a woman whose eyes were locked to those of the beholder, then there is no doubt the beholder would have translated the images to mean that the person loved them. In conclusion, there are many changes that have occurred in artistry since the Renaissance.

Water clarity in lakes and reservoirs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Water clarity in lakes and reservoirs - Essay Example The National Resources Defense Council asserts that an increasing number of Americans are open to the elements of tap water contamination at levels over those set by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards. According to a survey conducted in 1999 by the Water Quality Association, around sixty percent of adults consider that the quality of water they are drinking affects their health, and about three-quarters have distresses regarding the quality of their household water supply.Contrary to popular belief, crystal clear water is not necessarily the true measure to which all lakes should be compared. It is also not entirely true that lakes with low levels of visibility and transparency are due to pollution or degradation in water. Another common belief is that clearer water is safer to swim in or to drink which is also not entirely true. On the contrary, clear water may likely be just as filled with pathogens, bacteria and other contaminants that could be harmful to human health as cloudy water is generally perceived to be.The water treatment experts at Amway Corporation laid down suggestions regarding the following tests and resources for beneficiaries who would want to know if their drinking water is safe: 1) Look at it. Water should look clear and have no floating particles. 2) Smell it. Water should be free of unpleasant odors. 3) Taste it. Water that tastes unusual should be tested. 4) Contact the local health department to have the water tested if it looks, smells, or tastes unusual. 5) Request a copy of the Consumer Confidence Report from the community water supplier. (Journal of Environmental Health, 2000) This paper covers issues related to water clarity, what it is, how it is measured, what causes clarity problems and how to tackle such problems Literature Review Water clarity can be defined as a measure of the amount of sunlight that passes into the water and reaches the leaves of underwater grasses. Water clarity can be termed as dependant on three factors; proper water chemistry, sufficient and effective filtration, and good circulation. (Pool Chlor, 2006) Water chemistry relates to the alkalinity levels within water. In case these levels are out of balance, the result can be in the form of turbidity. Turbidity is the cloudiness caused in water because of suspended or dissolved material. It can also be said that insufficient chlorine in the water, small, perched algae and bacteria can result in turbid water. (Pool Chlor, 2006) How to Measure Water Clarity Measurement of water clarity is quite helpful in monitoring any changes in water componential balances and enables communication for these changes to concerned persons. One common method to measure water clarity is by the use of a disk, more commonly known as the Secchi disk. A Secchi disk is by far the simplest, standardized instrument used to determine water clarity. "It is an 8-inch (20 centimeter) diameter, black and white disk attached to a dowel rod, PVC pipe, rope or chain. Inch or centimeter intervals are marked on the rod, pipe, rope or chain with permanent ink, paint or clamps. Ideal clarity for aquatic plant production is generally greater than 36-inch visibility" (Porter, 2002) The measurements taken by the use of Secchi disk are likely to be quicker through the use of rod or pipe as against a rope of chain, except when water is very clear, in which case, an extremely long rod or pipe may be required. When measuring water clarity, the date of measurement, the measurement itself and the source of turbidity, usually sediment (brownish muddy color), phytoplankton (greenish color), humic stain (tea color from decaying leaves or plants) or some combination of these, should be recorded for reference purposes. Secchi disk measurements are mainly precise when taken on comparatively still, sunny days, preferably during the middle of the day from a dock or some sort of floating mechanism such as a boat, float tube, air mattress or life preserver. (Porter, 2002)

What causes homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What causes homelessness - Essay Example 1995). The point is that the category of homelessness is rather huge, and there are many people, who may be considered as homeless. The more important thing is that classical homeless people have some, let’s say, classical reasons to live in such way. The reasons are the following: alcoholism, mental diseases, physical disabilities and simple laziness and life weakness (Shlay, Rossi, 1992). Recent sociological researches showed that such vision of homelessness is quite typical for almost all the people, and indeed these patterns of poverty are truthful in majority of cases, but still there are some essentially different situations when it turns out that people become homeless (Lee et al. 1990). For example, such exceptional cases may be bankruptcy, mortgage delinquency (which may be a result of job loss) etc. In general, there are a lot of huge economical problems that make people homeless. Actually, these problems are on the top of the list of reasons of homelessness. Also, we can’t forget about a huge group of mentally sick people unable to function in society in adequate way, so they go on streets trying to survive. Scientific researches showed that the level of mental diseases has grown with development of big cities. Psychologists think that the reason of such tendency is that people can’t stand rapid pace of globalization, so they begin mentally â€Å"breaking† or using drugs and alcohol (Mechanic, Field, 1987). The main point is that people start feeling their weakness and negligibility in this world; they feel lonely and unable of doing anything. Another economical reason of homelessness is increasing level of prices and especially the land ones and housing costs. There are many families that cannot afford buying an expensive house that would fit their families, or even cannot afford any housing at all (Freeman and Hall, 1987). The

MATHEMATICAL STATISTIC AND ITS IMPACT ON LAWENFORCEMENT Term Paper

MATHEMATICAL STATISTIC AND ITS IMPACT ON LAWENFORCEMENT - Term Paper Example Some areas where statistics has had an impact on law enforcement are; Statistics is employed in conducting survey about the law enforcement agencies. The variables subjected to analysis include the number of state police, municipal police, special police, sheriff departments and count police. The aim of conducting the analysis is to determine on average the number of people served by one policeman. Based on the outcome, significant changes can be effected to improve the number of the law enforcement agencies thus improving services offered to the civilians. The program used to conduct the research is the law enforcement and administrative statistics (LEMAS). This statistical survey also presents other information about the law enforcement agencies, this information include the spending, salaries to employees, levels of employment and departmental functions, based on this information, the agencies can be improved. Thus applying statistics improve the law enforcement process (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009). Lawyers use statistical tools for their data evaluation and presentation. In the industrial tax appeals, regression analysis of the sales has to be conducted in the determination of tax. This involves econometrics, computation of variance and plays a significant role in determination of the actual value. Lawyers also use statistical tools to evaluate data and evidence presented to him. Lawyers equipped with statistical methods defend their clients better. Lawyers also use deductive logic to defend their clients. Lawyers involved in civil suits have to use statistical tools to compute interests, percentages, tax, proportions, monetary computations and other numerous valuations involved when settling legal claims. The use of statistics tools therefore aid the lawyers in deducing correct descions as well as in calculation of

Market Based Pricing Policy for on Street Parking in Seattle Downtown Research Proposal

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Final Exame Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Exame - Essay Example When individual living in the society will have a clear idea about the basics of his life then the positive aspects of the culture are also adopted by the neighboring civilizations. There are various primary functions of religion. One such function is provision of mental peace. Human being is surrounded around difficulties and insecurities therefore religion provides them the binding force. Religion also promotes positive social values such as honestly and integrity. Another function of religion is the promotion of solidarity. It provides the platform at which people of different races can unite together. Question 2: Not all religious practitioners are equal in terms of their strength of their prayers. Religious practitioners are important part of the religion since these are the real people who are transferring religion to the younger generations. Religious practitioners are classified into four broad categories. These include individualistic, shamanistic, communal and ecclesiastica l. Individualistic is the basic practitioner of the religion. Shamanistic is the part time religious practitioners who practices religion on behalf of other people which could also be his clients. Communal practitioners propagate the religious values to the group of people. Ecclesiastical practitioners are those who practice religion with a proper hierarchical structure. Catholic Church can be considered as an example of these practitioners. Question 3: The whole world has become one marketplace this is an era of globalization. Therefore immigration is inevitable in this modern world. Tourism is going to flourish in this modern era because of the changing demographics and psychographic elements of the world. Indigenous will interact with international artistic works. Only those people will survive who can provide best possible things (Nanda & Warms, 2009). Question 4: Expression of body art is becoming one of the most popular artistic works in the modern world. Instead of portraying on paper, experts are of the opinion that body expressions can describe the conceptual background in an effective manner. It is a difficult task for an artist to provide attention to details. Therefore body art is the best way to project the concept clearly. Question 5: Colonialism has played an important role in the development of modern culture in majority of the regions where British has ruled. The language of colonial areas is influenced by the culture and values of those people who have ruled them. For example Hindi has adopted various words of English language. Similarly many African countries still understand French because African countries had been French colonies in the past. There are many Muslim states like Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia and Turkey which have taken influence from European Colonialism. Majority of the countries which were ruled by British, have adopted their political culture. Most of the English and French colonies are still based on democratic system. L egal system is one of the key components for the efficient and effective functioning of the state. Colonial era’s law is still followed in majority of the countries with certain amendments. People living in these areas are of the opinion that they have learnt a lot from different civilization with which they have interacted. The architecture of colonial areas reflects the adoption of English or French design in the construction. Sociologists are of the opinion that interaction of two different civilizations has brought positive results for the overall development

Critically assess the International Organisation structure to promote Essay

Critically assess the International Organisation structure to promote global security - Essay Example Such measures include the diplomatic agreements and military actions. National and international securities are interlinked, in which international security represents national security in a global arena. The study on international security emerged after the end of the World War II, and since then, international security study has been incorporated in studies on international relations. Security is considered as a common sense term understood only through unacknowledged consensus. Over the years, content on international security has developed to include the conventional or traditional modes of the military power, economic strength, the war consequences between nations, religious and ideological conflicts, the energy supplies, human security, science and technology and stability of states against environmental degradation among others (Buzan & Lene 2007, p.89). The global security comprises of five dimensions, which are interrelated. The multi-dimensional structure of global security comprise of human, national, transnational, environmental and trans-cultural security. The global security cannot be obtained without good governance at every level. Human security guarantees the human dignity for the global security. This protects individuals from inequality, humiliation and the double standards. The environmental security protects and enhances the environmental concerns. The national security entails global justice and the national capabilities in promoting peace. The transnational security protects against threats to transnational and multilateral cooperation for natural and man-made disasters. The trans-cultural security protects the different cultural groups against discrimination and humiliation by avoiding stereotyping through media, entertainment industry, and educational materials. The apparent differences in norms, value systems and ideals should be modified in such a way

Law of Contract Assessment III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Law of Contract Assessment III - Essay Example . The fifth element entails capacity. This involves the soundness of mind as well as legal age for a person entering into a contract. The law does not recognize a contract formed with a minor. The sixth and the final element entail legality of the contract. For example, some /contracts may be considered valid in a particular but may be invalid in other countries (Poole, 2010)3. The study will provide an insight of whether John is obliged to pay the extra  £3000 to B&B Ltd, and whether he is obliged to pay the full rent /arrears to Maritime Developments Ltd. In addition, the study will provide a clear summary of common law and equity as well as law and /facts relating to case. Finally, the study will take into consideration any issues arising for each party. In common law, the judges utilize the past precedent to decide on the current cases. This means that the principle of Stare decisis tend to be applied especially where there is no other law that can be applied to decide a case. Therefore, the judge decides a case based on the previous cases decided by previous the judges (Ferrari, 2012)4. However, if the case emerged to be very distinct from the previous cases that were being decided by the past judges, the court may formulate a law that may be used to decide on other future cases. The other principle in common law is that similar fact should be treated unanimously and should be isolated in any whatsoever. Therefore, similar cases should be held similarly (Shiblee, 2012)5. On the other hand, equity entails a system of principles that address or issues that fall outside the reams of a common law. This means that unlike common law which provides a manner in which the case may be decided by the court of law using the past precedent; equity provides a solution to the case. Equity further mitigates strict decisions arrived through application of the common law. Some of the

Understanding Identities of Students Essay Example for Free

Understanding Identities of Students Essay In this paper, Carlo’s story is the focus discussion. Emigrating from Texas to Corpo Christi, Carlo with his grandmother, younger sister and brother left for the U. S. in search for better opportunities in career, freedom to choose religion, and attain a better, social status in life. However, Carlo and his family is having a hard time with their social adjustment and acculturation of the norms in the society and school, making new friends, and adjusting in the existing policy of stopping the usage of their Spanish native language (Ovando, 2006, p. 1). The Importance of Understanding Identities of Students It is very important for teachers to understand their students in their multicultural classroom. Since every student deserves to receive quality education in school, they deserve adequate supervision and guidance of the school personnel to ensure the children’s needs. Further, the parents entrust their children to the school personnel to help their children reach their full potentials, increase their knowledge, and develop their physical, mental, and socio-emotional development. So, it is important that the teachers fulfill their role in integrating the diverse-cultured students and mingle them with the mainstream of the majority students. To avoid the feeling of depersonalization, teachers and peers should help each other build a community open for diverse culture, ethnicity, and religion to protect all the children from emotional maladjustments and to hinder what is blocking every student’s learning. Conclusion Learning would be effective and much easier for students if they feel comfortable in their school setting. The school environment is next best place to home so the teachers and school personnel should ensure the safety and well-being of all their students. Thus, school personnel, teachers, and peers should help in stopping discrimination and rather attend to the needs and help the adjustment of the foreign students or immigrants. References Ovando, C. J. , Combs, M. C. , Collier, V. P. (2006). Bilingual and ESL classrooms: Teaching in multicultural contexts. (4th ed. ). Boston: McGraw Hill.

Minds Are Opened Only When Hearts Are Opened Essay Example for Free

Minds Are Opened Only When Hearts Are Opened Essay â€Å"Minds are like parachutes. They only function when they are open.† James Dewar To create the life that you want, growing as a human being and regularly experiencing a prosperous lifestyle, you will need a mind open to other people, possibilities, ideas and opinions around you. When you have an open mind you allow yourself to attract and follow up on opportunities. When you work with the power of the conscious and subconscious mind you will attract opportunities that will bring you what you need; for what you radiate you will constantly attract. When you are prepared to become creative you will create a vibrant life, while eliminating negative and unwanted situations. Most people think they already listen to others with an open mind, merely by paying close attention to what is being said. In fact, keeping an open mind is not easy to do if you are happy with the way you are doing things and do not see the point of changing. We all have moments, however, when we do listen with an open heart and mind, for example, we are more open to listening to someone we trust. An open mind is an understanding mind which will develop a genuine appreciation for people. When you take the trouble to think of other people’s feelings, their viewpoints and their desires you are saying â€Å"people are important†. An open mind will accept other people unconditionally. It requires the letting go of likes and dislikes and other similar emotions. When you do this you discipline your emotions and you allow people to be who they are with all their idiosyncrasies, differences and irritations. When you are communicating with others there can often be misunderstandings and these can lead to failure in your relations with others. We expect others to react and respond and come to the same conclusions we do over a given set of facts. Unfortunately, no one reacts to things as they are but to their own mental images; they are responding appropriately to what they see as the truth about the situation. An open-minded person will ask themselves â€Å"How does this appear to that person?† or, â€Å"How does that person interpret the situation?† and they will try to understand why someone might act differently to the way they expected. Many small business owners have faced extinction because they thought they knew it all and were not prepared to have an open mind and listen to others who had been down that path before them. When you are open minded you are always prepared to be teachable, to learn something new and take advantage of opportunities that present themselves. An open mind is the doorway to expansion of ideas. When you open your mind you are not compromising your ethics and values. It just means that you begin to practice a greater sense of awareness and in doing so you are prepared to look at your world a little differently. Test opportunities that are presented to you and examine where the message is coming from. It may be from a friend, a neutral party or from a source about which you are sceptical. If you are not sure, instruct your subconscious mind to guide you by simply saying, â€Å"I am making the right decision.† Focus on what you want, not on what you don’t want. A Closed Mind â€Å"A closed mind is like a closed book; just a block of wood. – Chinese Proverb. We have all been given the power to develop ideas and exercise free will. Unfortunately too often those ideas die as a seed and people use their free will to close their mind to the tremendous opportunities surrounding them. This stubbornness prevents them from achieving the goals that they want for themselves and so the opportunity for success is greatly decreased. In our formative years we grow and develop egos that maintain very particular ideas about ourselves in relation to the world around us. Your ego is your conscious mind, that which controls your behaviour and tries to give meaning to your external, material reality. It is powerful and can control your life if you allow it. Your external reality is a direct result of your mental and spiritual self so if the latter two are not where you want them to be your external and material self will suffer. The ego cannot improve the quality of your mental and spiritual life. When you close your mind you essentially become stubborn and become a victim of the ego mind which says, â€Å"My attitude is right despite what anyone else has to say†. The ego mind, although it thinks it knows better than anyone else, is never prepared to leave its comfort zone and so is not open to new ideas nor will it welcome others into its world. This kind of attitude shuts you off from the process of life and nature which is about growing and experiencing new possibilities. Think about how many times you were resistant to trying something new only to eventually give in and discover that you really enjoyed the process. Limitations are the jail of the mind so if you can throw off the shackles and open your mind to new and exciting ideas, your possibilities become limitless. When the mind is shackled and limited it affects every part of your life, for example, work presentations can lack innovation and impact and even every-day conversations are less productive and rewarding. Conversations often become defensive as the mind closes off to what is being said by others. Society today gives out a negative message that everyone is out to ‘take you down’ and that if it ‘looks to good to be true, it probably is’. This causes many to close their minds to everything beyond their current knowledge. An open mind is a mind that is aware that the current knowledge is not all there is to know and will eagerly investigate possibilities. When you have a closed mind to new and exciting possibilities you essentially tell yourself that you are not willing to go the extra mile – that you are not willing to grow and experience new things. You have now switched off the power within you and there can be no change and no progress in life and things will never improve. Such people become very introspective and weak. The old recordings of the past can, however, be changed. If you choose, you can wipe the old record clean, put on a new record and make a decision to activate the positive thoughts which lead to a relaxed and open view of the world. Remember, the past explains how you got to the present but where you go from here is your responsibility. In his book A Vision of Power Glory, John Kehoe gives a Zen parable about two monks who are on a journey together when they come to a river. By the river there is a beautiful woman. The woman asks them, â€Å"Please will one of you monks carry me across the river? The river is too wide and the current too swift.† The two monks look at one another, because they have taken a sacred vow to not so much as even touch a woman. Then, abruptly, the older monk picks up the woman, carries her across the river and puts her down on the other side. They continue on their journey. The younger monk is flabbergasted. He can’t believe it. An hour goes by and not a word is spoken between them. Two hours. Three hours. And finally, after four hours, he turns to the older monk and blurts out, â€Å"How could you have done that? How could you have carried that woman?† â€Å"Oh?† responds his companion, â€Å"Are you still carrying her? I put her down four hours ago.† John Kehoe goes on to say, â€Å"How much are we still carrying around inside us that should have been put down a long time ago? Disappointments; regrets; failures; grudges. How much junk are we carrying around inside us and how long are we going to carry it? All our life?† If you want to change and improve your attitude to life then it is imperative that you keep an open mind. That is not to say you will be taken in by every ‘fly-by-night’ scheme that may be put before you. An open mind is curious and investigative and examines new things. Your creative power system uses your conscious and subconscious mind to attract, explore and check out new opportunities so that you can begin achieving your goals and creating the life you want. Don’t limit yourself; learn how to attract new possibilities and make the right decisions by developing the power of your mind and heart. If you move in your community with an open mind and an open heart you can learn to accept others. You don’t have to agree with them, but accept who they are and feel free to express yourself. I remember a friend of ours who has passed on now, who was well-known and well-liked in community affairs. He met many people as he moved around and sometimes in a gathering he would be heard to say, â€Å"There’s a fellow over there I met recently and I didn’t like him; I must go over and get to know him better†. He would always come away with a new-found friend; now that’s an open mind and open heart.

Exploring the contribution of forensic science

Exploring the contribution of forensic science Forensic psychology has proven itself to be a quite intriguing field of study. From serial killers to child custody cases, the work of a forensic psychologist is involved. Forensic psychology is the intersection between the field of psychology and the legal system (Huss, 2001). Or, as defined by the American Board of Forensic Psychology (ABFP), [forensic psychology] is the application of the science and profession of psychology to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system (ABFP, 2010). This profession is not restricted to just one area of the legal system; in fact it contributes to the subspecialties of corrections, civil court, investigations, criminals, juveniles, and police. The purpose of this paper is to explain the roles and responsibilities a forensic psychologist has in each subspecialty, review court cases and research relative to the area, and discuss ethical dilemmas/ challenges and controversial issues forensic psychologists may encounter. Note: Throughout the text the terms forensic psychologist and psychologist are used interchangeably to describe the profession Introduction Criminal Criminal psychologists can be found in various settings with a wide array of roles and responsibilities. Aside from studying criminal behavior, criminal psychologists work with the police departments assisting with investigations, giving advice on how to conduct interviews with suspects and witnesses, they provide their services as an expert witness, aid in the process of rehabilitating an offender, and continuously research developments related to their field (Bull, Hatcher, Cooke et al, 2009). In the case of Jenkins v. U.S., 1962, it was ruled that a medical degree was no longer a requirement for an expert witness and that with the proper training and level of expertise a psychologist could now testify on issues relating to mental disorders. However in the role of an expert witness there are a couple challenges that appear which are attorney contracted psychological services and the admissibility of expert testimony in court proceedings. During a court proceeding a criminal psychologist may be called upon to give their expert opinion about a matter related to the case. The purpose of an expert testimony is either to explain or give information to help in either the jury or judges decision making and is related to the psychologists area of expertise (Shuman Greenburg, 2003). According to the Federal Rule of Evidence (Fed. R. Evid.) 702 If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case. In cases when a psychologist is asked to be an expert witness by an attorney who is requesting information to defend his or her client, problems may arise. An attorney seeks out a psychologist to provide expert testimony and evidence that will benefit the case of their client, not the opposing side. However, a psychologist is ethically responsible for providing an unbiased opinion or delivery of facts regardless of which attorney contracted their services. The pressure to be loyal to the attorney that has contracted the psychologists services causes a problem for those psychologists who uphold the integrity of the profession. When caught in a situation where the findings of the psychologist are not aligned with the goals of the attorney, the psychologist can either give a testimony that is altered to fit the requests of the attorney and risk civil liabilities and ethical complaints, or they can report the facts and risk not being called upon again. Although it is a true dilemma to de cide which direction to take as a professional, upholding individual integrity and that of the profession is vitally important. Based on the responsibilities outlined in the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991), forensic psychologists should make a reasonable effort to provide their services in a manner that is responsible and forthright. When a the services of a psychologist are requested, they should be upfront about their position to be unbiased and only report the facts regardless of the outcome. Another challenge that surfaces with expert testimony given by a psychologist is its admissibility in court. As mentioned earlier in the Fed. R. Evid. 702, an expert testimony may be utilized if it is based on sufficient facts or data. The facts and data are what determine the reliability of the experts testimony. This becomes a factor when it must be determined whether the information presented should be admitted as evidence in the court proceeding. Prior to the case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc.(1993) in order for an experts evidence to be admitted in court it must follow the rule of general acceptance, which meant the evidence must have been obtained using scientific techniques that were generally accepted in the scientific community (Bartol Bartol, 2008). With the ruling in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. it is now left to the discretion of the judge to determine whether experts evidence should be admitted. For a psychologists is becomes a challenge to convince the judge that the information they are presenting is both valid and reliable. As a safeguard, psychologists should disclose the sources of all of the information used to form their testimony (Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists, 1991). Aside from the challenges criminal psychologists face as an expert witness, they also must address the controversial issue of whether offenders can be rehabilitated. The Bureau of Justice Statistics reported a study that looked at the level of recidivism of a group of prisoners released between 1983 and 1994. What they found was that a high percentage of these individuals were re-arrested (Beck Shipley, 1997; Langan Levin, 2002). With high numbers of released prisoners returning to the prison or criminal justice system, the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs is questionable. Research is still being done on what causes crime and what type of psychological effects do prisoners experience while incarcerated (Benson, 2003). Hopefully with a better look into what leads a person to commit a crime, better ways to rehabilitate them will be developed. Juvenile There are two themes that govern the juvenile justice system which are the welfare of the juvenile offender and public safety (MacArthur Foundation research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice). The forensic psychologist in this specialty adheres to these themes in their roles and responsibilities to conduct assessments, evaluate competence, and provide therapy (Bartol Bartol, 2008). Forensic psychologists may be called upon to assess a juveniles level of threat to society, whether they are competent to make certain decisions, and decide what type of treatment can be offered to them (Bartol Bartol, 2008). Working with juveniles is not the same as working with an adult population. One ethical dilemma that comes about when working with juveniles is whether the psychologist has sufficient competence for working with juveniles if they have only assessed adults. Outlined in the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991) under competence, it states a forens ic psychologist should only provide services in areas that they either have specialized knowledge, education, experience or skill. Psychologists must be very careful when assessing juveniles because they do not present the same behaviors as adults; some of these behaviors may be misinterpreted by the assessor if they have no knowledge of juvenile assessments (Bartol Bartol, 2008). Assessment is a very important part of the juveniles dealings with criminal justice system, so a psychologist should make every effort to ensure they are competent in this area prior to providing services. When approached about providing services as a juvenile assessor, the forensic psychologist should be honest about their limitations in competence and either make an effort to become knowledgeable about the area, or decline the request (Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists, 1991). Dual relationships also pose an ethical challenge for forensic psychologists in this area of specialty. Forensic psychologists should avoid the role of both evaluator and treatment provider (Bartol Bartol, 2008). This is an issue because as an evaluator, the forensic psychologist is contracted with the court, who is the client. Which means the forensic psychologist must warn the individual of the limits to confidentiality. In the role of the therapist, the client is the individual patient and there is some protection of confidentiality under patient-therapist privilege. In the case of Jaffe v. Redmond (1996) the U.S. Supreme court supported confidentiality in federal courts. It is best practice to avoid dual roles. If the two roles must be combined, there should be an effort to avoid any negative effects to the individual client (Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists, 1991). Levels of juvenile cognitive skills and adjudicative competence are issues that are still being debated in the juvenile justice system. The MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice define competence as ones ability to understand the processes associated with the trial, aid the attorney, and make important decisions. However, research has found that a number of juveniles 15 and under have mental competency scores similar to adults with serious mental disorders (MacArthur Foundation). Which means juveniles are not capable of making reasonable decisions related to waiving their constitutional rights, confessions, and plea bargains (Mac Arthur Foundation)The goal of the juvenile justice system has been to rehabilitate offenders so that they can eventually lead healthy lives as adults, without much focus on their competency to understand the justice system (Viljoen Wingrove, 2007). The belief is that juveniles should be assessed based on their levels of development, not the standard of the justice system which is geared towards adults because some developmental issues may not be detected (Ryba, Cooper, Zapf, 2003). The decision whether a defendant should be transferred from juvenile court to criminal court is an issue that is still being worked out in the justice system. In the case of Kent v. United states (1966) where 16-year-old Morris Kent, after confessing to his crimes, was transferred to criminal court and found guilty of housebreaking and robbery, and not guilty by reason of insanity for rape. Kents attorney argued that Kents case should have remained in juvenile court because he would have had a better chance of rehabilitation than in criminal court where he was sentenced to 30 to 90 years in a mental institution (Kent v. United States, 1966). Even today research is still being done on whether juveniles have adjudicative competence and if they should be transferred to criminal courts. Civil The Civil Court is primarily designed to handle private disputes between individuals or organizations (Britannica Online Encyclopedia, 2010). The major roles of the forensic psychologist in the civil court setting are those of an assessor and evaluator. Forensic psychologists may be called upon to assess emotional factors related to traumatic or personal injury litigations; assessment of psychological factors in relation to harassment, discrimination, and workers compensation disability, as well as post-mortem assessments and competency evaluations (Franklin, 2006). Forensic psychologists are also called upon in family courts to complete child custody evaluations (Franklin, 2006). Child custody evaluations conducted by psychologists tend to bring up some ethical concerns. An unresolved controversial issue in this subspecialty is that there is currently no standard practice when conducting child custody evaluations (Bartol Bartol, 2008). Many psychologists choose to use several forms of psychological testing as means to determining child custody in response to the American Psychological Associations (APA) (1994), request that there should be several methods for collecting data (Bow Quinnell, 2001). The issue with the psychological tests used is that there is no empirical evidence to support it (Bow Quinnell, 2001). To ensure adherence to the APA guidelines, the psychologists should use several techniques to conduct evaluations such as interviews, self-report studies, and psychological testing (Bartol Bartol, 2008). If a forensic psychologist is called upon to conduct a mental evaluation of a victim in sexual harassment suit, it is important that the psychologist thoroughly explain the potential use of the information gained. Informed consent now becomes an issue in this case because the victim must reveal personal information regarding their past sexual history during the evaluation (Bartol Bartol, 2008). The APA state in the Ethical Principles Psychologists and Code of Conduct section 3.10(c) When psychological services are court ordered or otherwise mandated, psychologists inform the individual of the nature of the anticipated services, including whether the services are court ordered or mandated and any limits of confidentiality, before proceeding. This can become a challenge for a forensic psychologist if the victim does not fully understand the limits of confidentiality in this situation. The forensic psychologist should take special care to explain to the client, in language they underst and, that the information provided may be used in the courtroom. By doing this the psychologist is making an effort to reduce the potential for more harm to the client. One of the most controversial issues in this area of forensic psychology is physician-assisted suicide. Physician-assisted suicide takes place when a competent individual requests that a physician prescribe a medication that will aid them in ending their life. The role of the psychologist is to determine whether or not the individual is competent to make such a decision. The state of Oregon, in 1997, enacted its Death with Dignity Act which allows for physician-assisted suicide (Oregon State). The debate on whether other states will join Oregon is ongoing, as well as the research on the responsibilities of the forensic psychologist in this role (Bartol Bartol, 2008). The case of Daubert v. Merrill Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc (1993) is pivotal in this subspeciality because of the forensic psychologists role as an expert witness in civil cases. Research is still being done on how the Daubert standard affects the admissibility of expert testimony given by forensic psychologists (bartol Bartol, 2008). Investigative The work of the investigative forensic psychologist may be the most popular because of the media hype over the role of criminal profiling. In the case of U.S. v. Sokolow (1989) a form of profiling was used to make an arrest based on the behavioral characteristics of drug dealers. Criminal profiling methods have been around long before the gained popularity in the media. Actually, forensic psychologists have a few other roles and responsibilities dealing with investigations besides criminal profiling. Forensic psychologists use a variety of techniques to link a suspect to a crime. They study the crime scene to get a better understanding of the physical and verbal behaviors of the suspect (Woodham, Hollin, Bull, 2007); they also use geographical profiling to determine the territory of a serial offender (Bartol Bartol, 2008). This information is then used to narrow down the list of possible suspects put of a larger population. Psychological autopsies are unique responsibility of inves tigative forensic psychologists because they are done to determine the mental state of an individual prior to their demise. Also an investigative psychologist may conduct a forensic hypnosis to aid in a witnesss or victims recall of a traumatic event. Much scrutiny surrounds the use of forensic hypnosis as well as criminal profiling. Despite the glamorous appeal profiling has shown on various TV shows and movies, it is not a widely accepted practice. There are several concerns that cause profiling to be a very controversial issue. From the lack of research supporting its reliability and validity (Mcgrath, 2000), to the belief that profilers are creating opinions based on gut feelings (Bartol Bartol, 2008), and its inability to meet the basic expert witness standards sought under the section of the Federal Rule of Evidence 702 that states the testimony [of an expert] is based upon sufficient facts or data, . . . is the product of reliable principles and methods, and the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case (Alison, Bennell, Ormerod, Mokros, 2002). This brings about ethical challenges because forensic psychologists are obligated to provide services that are consistent with the highest standards of the profession (Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologist s, 1991, p. 657). As Alison, et al. (2002) assert, the methods used for profiling result from an understanding of personality and trait approach that is both naÑ-ve and outdated. Many researchers suggest that psychologists should be cautious about using profiling in criminal investigations (Bartol Bartol, 2008; Alison, et al., 2002), but if it must be done, appropriate steps should be taken to base their opinion on current empirical evidence that is available and not just on gut feelings (Torres, Boccaccini, Miller, 2006). As of today, there is still a need for research to support the use of profiling. Pretrial identification methods is another area of ethical concern for psychologists because of its vulnerability to bias and error. Many police agencies use lineups and photospreads to help witnesses identify a suspect. The issue of bias arises when either the investigator or administrator make suggestions or subtle innuendos about who the suspect is. In a study conducted by Greathouse Kovera (2009) it was found that in situations where the administrator of the lineup and photospread knew who the suspect was, the witness was more likely to correctly identify them as oppose to situations where neither the administrator nor the witness knew the suspect. To resolve an ethical dilemma of this type, it is recommended that those administering the lineup and photospread should not have knowledge of who the suspect is (Bartol Bartol, 2008). Correctional In 2005 nearly half of the inmate population in prisons and jails reported having a mental health problem (James Glaze, 2006). With such a rise in the number of mentally ill inmates, the prison system may now be the nations largest provider for this special population (Fellner, 2006). Rising numbers indicate there is an even greater need for forensic psychologists working in the prison systems today. The role of a forensic psychologist is that of assessor and treatment provider. Within these roles, forensic psychologists are responsible for coordinating and ensuring the mental health programs are running properly, supervising the employees assigned to these programs, and administering mental health services to the inmates that need it. The forensic psychologist also functions as a trainer for the staff and screens the staff that will be working with inmates in special mental health units and step up to help in crisis situations (Magaletta Verdeyen, 2005; International Association f or Correctional and Forensic Psychology, 2010). Working in correctional facilities can be very challenging for the forensic psychologists. The work environment is no way comparable to the application of psychology in the community or private setting. There are various risks and safety issues when dealing with criminals in this type of setting such as dual roles. The Standards for psychology services in jails, prisons, correctional facilities, and agencies address this issue by stating Mental health services staff do not assume a dual role that overlaps with other functions and services (e.g., security) of the correctional agency or facility that could result in unethical dual-role relationships that risk harm to their offender or inmate clients (International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology, 2010, p. 19). At times, a correctional psychologist may act in the role of evaluator and therapist, or even as the therapist and a stand-in correctional officer. In some correctional facilities the expectation is that a psychologist is a correctional officer before any other role, thereby making it a responsibility of the psychologist to aid in doing a count of the inmates, conducting searches of an inmates cell and person, supervise inmates, and escort inmates to segregated areas (Bonner Vandecreek, 2006). Dual roles of this type create mistrust between the inmate and the psychologist because the psychologist is now viewed as another correctional officer and not someone there for the interests of the inmate. In order to eliminate the potential of dual roles, the psychologist should request in writing that they should only be assigned to duties that align with their particular profession and ethical standards (Bonner Vandecreek, 2006). A second ethical challenge for psychologists is avoiding situations that would intentionally cause harm to their client. The conditions of prison are not necessarily adequate for those suffering from mental illness, and many times many of them go undertreated (Fellner, 2006). The prison walls are riddled with too many inmates, violence, and victimization by other inmates and the staff (Bartol Barto, 2008).It is the responsibility of the psychologist to maintain their position as an advocate for their client and not as an additional perpetrator of their rights but this is challenging when jail and prison conditions prevent effective treatment. The IACFP (2010) contend that Offenders are incarcerated as punishment, not for punishment (p. 759). Participating in or allowing the inhumane treatment of inmates, mentally ill or not, goes against the standards for psychologists in this subspecialty. Unfortunately, psychologists may be harming unintentionally causing harm by not provided the adequate treatment needed. The climate of the prison environment will take several steps in order to see a change, but there are things a psychologist can do to resolve some of these issues. It is important that the psychologist does not fall into the same mentality of a correctional officer and participate in activities that are intended to do harm. The IACFP (2010) suggest that psychologists should avoid any delays when a request has been made for mental health services; avoid imposing any biases or beliefs on or towards inmates; meet the requirements of due process; practice within ones personal scope of competency; and continuously advocate for better mental health services in jails and prison. One controversial issue that surrounds the treatment of mentally ill inmates is their segregation from the general population. In the case if Perri v. Coughlin (1999) a severely disordered inmate was kept in an observational where an inmate is stripped of their clothes and placed in a cell for their protectionfor a total of 108 days without any treatment. Another issue is although inmates have the right to refuse treatment, they can be forced to do so if it is determined that they are severely disordered and cause a threat to themselves and others which was argued in the case of Washington v. Harper (1990). Forced consent to treatment stirs up controversy for psychologists because inmates may only consent to treatment for fear of privileges being taken away, such as in the case of McKune v. Lile (2002). Despite the controversies that come about it the correctional system, the research focus has been on reducing recidivism and increasing rehabilitation. Police The final subspecialty of forensic psychology to be discussed is police psychology. Police psychology is the application of psychological principles to the profession of law enforcement and public safety (Bartol Bartol, 2008). As a police psychologist the primary role is to provide psychological services to law enforcement either through counseling, employee screenings, fitness-for-duty evaluations, assessment of incidents requiring deadly force, crisis counseling, and special unit evaluations (Bartol Bartol, 2008). Police psychologists assist with the special units of police agencies including, SWAT, hostage negotiations, and victims response. Just as with all the other areas forensic psychologists team up with, there are a few ethical issues that emerge. Conflicts between agency requirements and the ethical standards of the psychologist can pose a serious ethical dilemma when working with police agencies. Two ethical challenges in particular are the interrogation methods of some police agencies that lead to false confessions. Leo Ofshe (1998) assert that false confessions are a result overzealous police officers who are so eager to arrest a suspect that they tend to overlook evidence that may point towards the individuals innocence. Some tactics police may use to gain these confessions are deprivation, humiliation, or manipulation (Bartol Bartol, 2008). These actions cause problems for psychologists because they position is to advocate for human rights, when these actions can be viewed as violations of these rights. When psychologists are caught in situations that cause ethical conflicts they must abstain from taking part in those behaviors. It is at the discretion of the individual psychologist whether they wish to continue consul ting with police agencies that practice abusive interrogation techniques (APA, 2007). If they decide to continue their work, psychologist should consult with police on interrogation strategies that will not impede on an individuals human rights and decrease the likelihood of a false confession. Interrogation tactics have begun to come into the lime light with Americas War on Terrorism. But before then there was focus on another controversial issue, excessive force. Excessive force has been a controversial issue for decades. Many Civil Rights protesters can probably recount various incidents when they were victims of police excessive force. However the most striking case of our time dealing with police excessive force is that of Rodney King in 1991. Surrounding the issue of excessive force is also deadly force, although its occurrence is not frequent. With both of these issues, psychologists may be asked to conduct fitness-for-duty evaluations to determine the officers ability to carry out their required duties (Bartol Bartol, 2008). A plethora of research is available for the subspecialty of police psychology. Topics range from cultural competency, dealing with the mentally ill, on the job stress, excessive force, employment screening, and community relations. As the research in this area progresses, enhancements can be made to the types of treatment psychologists offer. Conclusion The field of forensic psychology encompasses a wide range of roles and responsibilities; with various contributions to the fields of law and psychology. In its short existence there have been tremendous gains in research and practical applications. As the profession of forensic psychology grows in popularity among the public, there is sure to be greater strides in the collaboration of psychology and law.

United States vs Microsoft :: United States v. Microsoft

â€Å"United States v. Microsoft was a court case filed against Microsoft Corporation on May 18, 1998 by the United States Department of Justice and twenty U.S. states. The plaintiff’s alleged that Microsoft abused monopoly power in its handling of operating system sales and web browser sales†. (Wikipedia 1) Basically this means that Microsoft Corporation was accused of forming a monopoly against all other software corporations because Microsoft was selling its computers with Internet Explorer already installed on it. This way customers were getting a web browser for free almost and therefore. Microsoft sold more computers. This is known as bundling. Bundling them together is what gave Microsoft the victory in the so called â€Å"browser wars† because e very Windows user had a version of Internet Explorer installed on their computer upon purchase. Because of this advantage it was alleged to be unfair to other web browsers because it unfairly restricted the competing web browser market. The trial started in May 1998 with the US Justice Department and the Attorneys General of twenty US states suing Microsoft for illegally hindering competition in order to protect and extend its software monopoly. They were later sued because they were forcing computer makers to install IE onto the computers they sold. They threatened PC manufacturers with revoking their license to distribute Windows if they removed the IE icon from the initial desktop. (WIkipedia) Videotapes were submitted as evidence during court procedures. Among these tapes was one that demonstrated that removing IE from Microsoft Windows caused slowdowns and malfunctions. Viewers noticed that the tape had been altered because certain desktop icons would be present in once shot and then not present in another shot. Microsoft later submitted another tape which turned up to be faulty as well. The government produced its own tape of downloading other browsers onto the PC. This process was slow and the icon was not placed on the

Essay On Animism And The Contributions Of Thales, Anaximander, And Ana

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early times, before the beginning of human civilization and development of philosophy, people believed in the idea that Gods, who basically controlled every individual aspect of human existence, controlled the world. Some primitive people believed in the idea of Animism, or Hylozoism. (The belief that everything in the universe, especially material objects, have some kind of sole or is a living being.) These people believed that rocks, trees, and water had some kind of sole. Animism can still be seen today in Native American tribes as well as the Aboriginal people of Australia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the Greek culture didn’t believe in Animism, an Ionian named Thales adopted this idea in his own way. Thales was born in the Greek city-state of Ionia in the mid 620’s(BC.) Thales did not only study knowledge philosophy, but also practiced science, history, engineering, geography, and politics. Thales was the first of his time to propose theories of a primary substance that causes change, and supports the universe. Thales believed that water was this substance, and the essence of life. He also believed that it was made up of small Gods. Although his theories didn’t prove to be right, such as spontaneous generation, or the theory that earthquakes were caused by waves, Thales is considered to be the father of philosophy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anaximander was another Ionian who happened to be a philoso...

The Clashing Interests of The Founding Fathers Essays -- American Hist

The Clashing Interests of The Founding Fathers The framing of the American Constitution resulted in several conflicts dealing with economic issues, political concerns and dynamic conflicts of interest between the delegates. Each separate force had a perspective, usually clouded by personal motives, on how the new governmental system should operate. During the framing of the Constitution, the central conflicts were between the small states and the big states while in the ratification period the struggle involved the anti-federalists and the federalists. Each opposing force struggled for the power to have their personal interest and beliefs represented in the new governmental system. The different sectional interests were incorporated into the larger goal of creating the national government. Power, in of itself, is not evil. When coupled with the self-interest and motives of man, power becomes evil and destroys all possibilities of liberty, law and right. Bernard Bailyn, author of The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, correctly notes that what "gave transcendent i...

Latinos and their History in the United States

Although loosely united by a common heritage as native Spanish speakers from the Americas or their descendants, the numerous Latino groups in the United States are ethnically, racially, and socio-economically heterogeneous; each Latino subgroup representing a distinct culture and geographical area of the Americas. Using the terms â€Å"Latino† and the more official â€Å"Hispanic,† which the U.S. Census Bureau adopted in 1970, to describe the cultures of peoples from Mexico and the countries of Central and South America and the Caribbean is problematic in several respects.The term â€Å"Hispanic† is rejected by many authors as too reductive in its association with Spain and Spanish culture, thereby ignoring the indigenous and African heritage of many Latin American and Caribbean people. The term â€Å"Latino,† based more neutrally on an identity shared through the use of language, is perceived as more useful, if still an unsatisfactory label. â€Å"Chican o† and â€Å"Nuyorican,† more recent terms, are occasionally interchangeable with â€Å"Mexican American† and â€Å"Mainland Puerto Rican,† although the former in particular reflects a political expression of ethnic pride and the latter is now geographically limiting.The distinctions between these terms, even after being outline, remain in many situations vague.   Indeed, even the US Census fails to make accurate and definitive definitions:People who identify with the terms â€Å"Hispanic† or â€Å"Latino† are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the questionnaire—†Mexican,† â€Å"Puerto Rican,† or â€Å"Cuban†Ã¢â‚¬â€as well as those who indicate that they are â€Å"other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino.† Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before t heir arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race.   (US Census, Subject Definitions, 2000)Current statusToday the Latino presence has emerged, as a fact of American life – this diverse group has come to the United States and themselves become â€Å"Americans.† In fact, Latinos comprise the largest minority in the US today according to US Census studies. Furthermore, their data shows that â€Å"the estimated Hispanic population of the United States as of July 1, 2005 [was 42.7 million] making people of Hispanic origin the nation’s largest ethnic or race minority. Hispanics constituted 14% of the nation’s total population†Even today, this group continues to endure obstacles of racism in public policy and wide spread discrimination in the US.   Being grouped together has made the situation for many of what can loosely be considered Latino sub-groups both challenging and difficul t.   From the anti-Cuban sentiment in Florida to the anti-Mexican wall that has been proposed by President Bush, despite being the largest minority group in the US, these types of incidents and policies ensure that they remain just that – in the minority.FutureAs the next U.S.-born generations of Latinos come of age, the barriers and pain of systemic racism could be attacked more openly.   Many young people will start to openly reject the assumptions and generalizations that perpetuate stereotypes and keep Latino people in the grip of racism.Historically, in the organized pursuit of civil rights and equality in the United States black Americans have usually led the way. Since at least the early 1900s they have forced the passage of all major civil rights laws and the majority of the pivotal executive orders and court decisions protecting or extending antidiscrimination efforts. Latinos as well as Native and Asian Americans have been able to make some use of these civil ri ghts mechanisms to fight discrimination against their own groups, and this will likely continue in the future.Census data shows that in 2004, 21.9% of Latino people in the US were living in poverty and a further 32.7% lacked adequate health insurance.   Yet conversely, the same studies show that there were1.6 million businesses owned by Latino people in 2002 and that from 1997 to 2002, the rate of growth for businesses owned by Latino people was 31% compared to the national average of 10%. According to 2004 data, 2.7 million Latinos over the age of 18 had at lest a bachelor’s degree.   This means that things could well be shifting in the right direction.   Education and business savvy could well be conquering the effects of poverty and poor medical care. While these people continue to experience racism and ethnic stereotyping, there is an underlying spirit of perseverance that keeps them going and will no doubt pave the way for a brighter future.ReferencesAgosà ­n Marj orie. â€Å"Literature.† Latinas of the Americas. Ed. K. Lynn Stoner. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000.Everett C. Ladd, â€Å"Moving to an America beyond Race,† The Public Perspective 7 (February/March 2003)Harry J. Brill, Why Organizers Fail ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).John H. Bunzel, â€Å"Words that Smear, Like ‘Racism,’ Provoke Polarization,† San Francisco Chronicle, July 26, 2000U.S. Census Bureau. Hispanic Americans By the Numbers. Retrieved November 15, 2006 from http://www.infoplease.com/spot/hhmcensus1.htmlUS Census Bureau. Hispanic Population of the United States. Retrieved November 15, 2006 from http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hispanic.html

Research on Warehouse Design

European daybook of usable look into 203 (2010) 539549 Contents lists on hand(predicate) at attainmentDirect European Journal of surgical carrying into actional assemblek journal homepage www. elsevier. com/locate/ejor Invited Review search on store corporal body and cognitive functioning military rank A countywide palingenesis Jinxiang Gu a, Marc Goetschalckx b,*, Leon F. McGinnis b a b Nestle USA, 800 North Brand Blvd. , Glendale, CA 91203, United States Georgia Institute of Technology, 765 Ferst Dr. , Atlanta, GA 30332-0205, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c tThis composition heavy(a)sss a make curriculum vitae of the query on terminal store image, doing evaluation, pictorial fountain studies, and computational ho exploitation up in like mannerls. This and an in the first place aspect on w atomic outcome 18ho physical exertion surgical procedure grant a comprehensive go off article of existing pedantic question emerg ences in the exemplar of a practiceationatic classi? cation. for apiece iodin investigate subject argona in spite of appearance this frame draw is debateed, including the identi? cation of the limits of previous curbk and of latent forthcoming enquiry thrills. O 2009 Elsevier B. V. completely rights reserved.Article memoir Received 5 December 2005 trus dickensrthy 21 July 2009 Available online 6 opulent 2009 Keywords Facilities jut out and prep bedness remembering stock computing machine shop store introduction W beho theatrical role per actance evaluation victimizeventionality Case studies Computational tools 1. Introduction This survey and a companion account (Gu et al. , 2007) posture a comprehensive review of the enounce-of-art of computer memory store inquiry. Whereas the latter center virtuosos on wargonho victimization up exercise occupations think to the four major(ip) w behouse guides, i. e. , receiving, terminal, align c loping, and shipping, this paper short-changecentrates on w behouse radiation pattern, process evaluation, exemplar studies, and computational support tools.The objectives argon to countenance an make outly in all(a)-inclusive overview of the lendable eclipse actingologies and tools for improving wargonhouse protrude practices and to range potential upcoming explore directions. W atomic come 18house externalise involves ? ve major ratiocinations as lucubrated in Fig. 1 find the overall w atomic enumerate 18house anatomical structure coat and proping the wargonhouse and its departments determining the detailed layout within each department selecting store equipment and selecting moldal strategies. The overall structure (or c unmatched periodptual practice) check up ons the physical ? ow imitate within the store, the speci? ation of functional departments, and the ? ow relationships mingled with departments. The sizing and dimension ends determ ine the surface and dimension of the storehouse w argonhouse as well as the position al mess among several(a) wargonhouse departments. Department layout is the detailed hustle? guration within a reposition computer memory w arehouse department, for grammatical case, gangplank goldbrick? guration in the learnvalescence area, palette block-stacking pattern in the reserve computer store area, and lift? guration of an Automated repositing/Retrieval placement (AS/RS). The equipment natural filling deci* Corresponding author. Tel. +1 404 894 2317 telecommunicate +1 404 894 2301. E-mail address marc. emailprotected gatech. edu (M. Goetschalckx). 0377-2217/$ regain front matter O 2009 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. doi10. 1016/j. ejor. 2009. 07. 031 sions determine an enchant mechanisation level for the reposition store, and rank equipment display boldnesss for memory board, exile, point take, and screen out. The infusion of the action scheme determines how the warehouse go forth be operated, for example, with regards to warehousing and disposition of magnitude of battle choose. Operation strategies refer to those decisions slightly carrying into actions that dumbfound global establishs on proto(prenominal)(a) jut out decisions, and at that placefore need to be intended in the visualise course.Examples of much(prenominal) surgery strategies take the alternate(a) mingled with haphazardized retentiveness or utilise retentivity, whether or non to do partition option, and the choice between sort- piece of music- fill or sortafter-pick. flesh out operable policies, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as how to batch and passage the pitch weft tour, are non playstrueed digit difficultys and in that statusfore are handleed in Gu et al. (2007). It should be empha coat of itd that warehouse human body decisions are strongly mate and it is dif? cult to de? ne a crisply boundary between the m. in that postfore, our profferd classi? ation should non be regarded as unique, nor does it imply that any(prenominal) of the decisions should be made independently. Further more(prenominal)(prenominal) than, hotshot and only(a) should non drop functional exercise measures in the traffic pattern arrange since in operation(p) ef? ciency is strongly affected by the fig decisions, still it commode be actually expensive or impossible to change the target decisions once the warehouse is actually built. carrying out evaluation is important for both warehouse devise and operation. Assessing the feat of a warehouse in damage of bell, throughput, post example, and servicing provides feedback close to how a speci? heading or in operation(p) policy performs equated with the fatalitys, and how it merelyt joint be improved. Furthermore, a good carrying out evaluation dumbfound send away succor the interior human bodyer to cursorily evaluate galore(p ostnominal) introduction alternatives and set(p) down the design quadrangle during the early design stage. Performance operational address for each alternative is estimated use fair analytical equations. Gray et al. (1992) address a similar problem, and direct a multi-stage vertical cuddle that uses simple calculations to evaluate the tradeoffs and curry the design outer quadriceps to a a couple of(prenominal) superior alternatives.Simulation is indeed apply to provide detailed slaying evaluation of the resulting alternatives. Yoon and sapiently (1996) propose a structured come for exploring the design space of baffle pickax corpses, which intromits stages much(prenominal)(prenominal) as design reading collection, design alternative enlargement, and performance evaluation. In synopsis, publish inquiry ndco4h lar02. 8659(war,. 0320Td(pro2k evaluation methods let in benchmarking, analytic clay sculptures, and exemplar good examples.This review pass on chiefly focus on the motive deuce since simulation results depend greatly on the effectuation expand and are less amenable to generalization. However, this should not complex the fact that simulation is still the nigh widely utilise technique for warehouse performance evaluation in the faculty memberian belles-lettres as well as in practice. both(prenominal) slip-up studies and computational trunks are as well as discussed in this paper. question in these ii directions is in truth limited. However, it is our vox populi that more case studies and computational tools for warehouse design and operation go out encourage to bridge the signi? ant spread head between academic investigate and pragmatic application, and therefore, show a key need for the proximo. The composition presented in this paper and its companion paper on operations, Gu et al. (2007), complements previous surveys on warehouse look for, for example, Cormier (2005), Cormier and Gunn (1992), van den iceberg (1999) and Rowenhorst et al. (2000). Over 250 written document are ac companionship within our classi? cation scheme. To our knowledge, it is the most comprehensive review of existing inquiry results on wareho using.However, we keep no claim that it complicates all the literature on warehousing. The scope of this survey has been principal(prenominal)(prenominal)ly focused on results print in on tap(predicate) English-language research journals. The topic of warehouse positioning, which is part of the larger area of diffusion administration of rules design, is not turn to in this menses review. A recent survey on warehouse location is provided by Daskin et al. (2005). The next four goldbricktri justions testament discuss the literature on warehouse design, performance evaluation, case studies, and computational systems, seeively. The ? al separate gives findings and afterlife research directions. 2. Warehouse design 2. 1. Overall structure Th e overall structure (or buncoceptual design) of a warehouse determines the functional departments, e. g. , how some(prenominal) a(prenominal) terminus departments, employing what technologies, and how effects will be assembled. At this stage of design, the issues are to take over store and throughput needs, and to lessen be, which whitethorn be the discounted value of investment and future direct be. We rump identify solely three few published papers addressing overall morphological design.green and Webster (1989) give birth the functions are abandvirtuosod, and select equipment types, retentivity sees, and revisal woof policies to minimize agree be. The sign investment cost and yearly J. Gu et al. / European Journal of useable look 203 (2010) 539549 541 Levy (1974), Cormier and Gunn (1996) and Goh et al. (2001) run into warehouse sizing problems in the case where the warehouse is responsible for verifyling the document. thitherfore, the cost in their simulates include not nevertheless warehouse build upion cost, further in profit schedule holding and rehabilitation cost.Levy (1974) presents analytic nonpluss to determine the optimal transshipment center size for a whizz harvest-festival with either settled or random admit. Assuming additive space can be lease to supplement the warehouse, Cormier and Gunn (1996) propose closed-form result that yields the optimal warehouse size, the optimal amount of space to lease in each period, and the optimal replenishment quantity for a angiotensin converting enzyme production case with deterministic demand. The multi-product case is theoretical accounted as a non additive optimisation problem assumptive that the measure of replenishments is not managed.Cormier and Gunn (1999) essential a nonlinear programming formulation for the optimal warehouse expansion over consecutive cartridge holder periods. Goh et al. (2001) ? nd the optimal retentiveness size for both champion-product and multi-product cases with deterministic demand. They consider a more practical(prenominal) piecewise linear nonplus for the warehouse construction cost alternatively of the traditional linear cost sit around. Furthermore, they consider the possibility of joint blood line replenishment for the multi-product case, and propose a heuristic rule program to ? nd the warehouse size.The issues of entry reckon policies (e. g. , the re grade point and ordering quantity) on the derive solicitd terminus content are shown by Rosenblatt and Roll (1988) using simulation. Our top executive to answer warehouse sizing questions would be signi? hypocrisyly enhanced by two types of research. First, assessing readiness requirements should consider seasonality, reposition policy, and order characteristics, be serve these three factors interact to refer the achievable depot ef? ciency, i. e. that fraction of warehouse force that can actually be used effectively.S econd, sizing posers all employ cost mildews, and validation studies of these feigns would be a signi? cant contri stillion. 2. 2. 2. Warehouse dimensioning The warehouse dimensioning problem translates capacity into ? oor space in order to assess construction and direct be, and was ? rst warninged by Francis (1967), who used a continuous similarity of the entrepot area without considering gangboard structure. Bassan et al. (1980) extends Francis (1967) by considering gangboard con? gurations. Rosenblatt and Roll (1984) integrate the optimisation model in Bassan et al. 1980) with a simulation model which evaluates the store shortage cost, a function of remembering capacity and chassis of regulates. They sop up single- manage tours in order to evaluate the effect of warehouse dimension on the operational cost, and therefore their come is not applicable to warehouses that perform multi-command operations (e. g. , interleaving put-away and reco very(prenominal), or ret rieving bigeminal accompaniments per trip). The work discussed so outlying(prenominal) has approached the sizing and dimensioning problem assumptive the warehouse has a single terminus department.In reality, a warehouse energy beat sixfold departments, e. g. , a onwards-reserve con? guration, or diametrical terminus departments for dissimilar classes of Stock retentiveness Units (SKUs). These antithetic departments must be lay in a single warehouse and compete with each separate(a) for space. in that respectfore, there are tradeoffs in determining the nitty-gritty warehouse size, allocating the warehouse space among departments, and determining the dimension of the warehouse and its departments. inquiry canvas these tradeoffs in the warehouse area is scarce.Pliskin and Dori (1982) propose a method to disparateiate alternative space allocations among diametric warehouse departments establish on multi-attribute value functions, which explicitly experience the tradeoffs among antithetic criteria. Azadivar (1989) proposes an approach to optimally portion out space between two departments angiotensin-converting enzyme is ef? cient in terms of store but inef? cient in terms of operation, dapple the other is the opposite. The objective is to achieve the best system performance by appropriately allocating space between these two departments to equilibrise the stock capacity and operational ef? iency tradeoffs. Heragu et al. (2005) consider a warehouse with ? ve functional areas, i. e. , receiving, shipping, cross- go intoing, reserve, and forward. They propose an optimization model and a heuristic algorithmic ruleic ruleic rule to determine the designation of SKUs to the contrasting memory board areas as well as the size of each functional area to minimize the total solid manipulation and retention costs. A key issue with all research on the dimensioning problem is that it requires performance models of corporeal handling the se models are often independent of the size or layout of the warehouse. search is needed to either validate these models, or mature design methods that explicitly consider the impact of sizing and dimensioning on material handling. 2. 3. Department layout In this section we discus layout problems within a warehouse department, primarily a transshipment center department. The memory board problems are classi? ed as (P1) palette block-stacking pattern, i. e. , storage driveway depth, public figure of mettlesomeroads for each depth, stack stature, pallet placement burden with regards to the aisle, storage clearance between pallets, and outdo and width of aisles (P2) storage department layout, i. . , openingway location, aisle orientation, continuance and width of aisles, and heel of aisles and (P3) AS/RS con? guration, i. e. , dimension of storage single-foots, sum up of put outs. These layout problems affect warehouse performances with respect to (O1) construction an d maintenance cost (O2) material handling cost (O3) storage capacity, e. g. , the ability to accommodate incoming shipments (O4) space role and (O5) equipment usance. Each problem is treated in the literature by diverse authors considering a subset of the performance measures, as summarized in instrument panel 1. 2. 3. 1.Pallet block-stacking pattern (P1) In the pallet block-stacking problem, a fundamental decision is the plectron of passage depths to balance the tradeoffs between space role and ease of storage/ convalescence operations, considering the SKUs stackability limits, arriving grant sizes, and retrieval patterns. Using deep path storage could increase space utilization because fewer aisles are needed, but on the other hand could in like manner cause decreased space utilization imputable to the honeycombing effect that creates unusable space for the storage of other items until the square way is entirely depleted.The magnitude of the honeycombing effect depen ds on highway depths as well as the secession rates of various(prenominal) products. at that placefore, it might be bene? cial to store different classes of products in different lane depths. A careful end and coordination of the lane depths for different products is necessary in order to achieve the best storage space utilization. Besides lane con? guration, the pallet block-stacking problem also determines such decisions as aisle widths and orientation, stack height, and storage clearance, which all affect storage space utilization, material handling ef? iency, and storage capacity. 542 J. Gu et al. / European Journal of usable look 203 (2010) 539549 skirt 1 A summary of the literature on warehouse layout design. fuss P1 Citation Moder and Thornton (1965) Berry (1968) fen (1979) marshland (1983) Goetschalckx and Ratliff (1991) Larson et al. (1997) Roberts and Reed (1972) Bassan et al. (1980) Rosenblatt and Roll (1984) tear apartdit and Palekar (1993) P3 Karasawa et al . (1980) Ashayeri et al. 1985) Rosenblatt et al. (1993) Objective O4 O2, O4 O3, O4 O4 O2, O4 O1, O2 O1, O2 O1, O2, O3 O2 O1, O2, O3 O1, O2 O1, O2, O3 O1, O5 O1, O5 O1 system uninflectedal formulae Analytical formulae Simulation models trial-and-error procedure Heuristic procedure self-propelled Programming Optimal design using analytical formulation Optimal level search method Queuing model nonlinear mixed integer problem nonlinear mixed integer problem nonlinear mixed integer problem NotesMainly on lane depth determination For class- ground storage Consider the con? guration of storage bays ( social unit storage blocks) Consider eyeshottal and vertical aisle orientations, locations of doors, and zoning of the storage area ground on Bassan et als work with surplus costs due to the use of grouped storage Include not only the ordinary fail beat, but also postponement meter when all vehicles are busy The model is figure out by generalized Lagrange multiplier method give n up rack height, the model can be simpli? d to a umbel-like problem System religious overhaul is evaluated using simulations, if not satisfactory, new constraints are added and the optimization model is figure out again to shoot for a new solution A more blow upd variation of Zollingers rules that consider explicitly operational policies For the design of an modifyd luggage carrousel system. The model is work out with a simple search algorithm P2 Zollinger (1996) Malmborg (2001) lee(prenominal) and Hwang (1988) Rule of thumb heuristic Rule of thumb heuristic nonlinear integer program A number of papers discuss the pallet block-stacking problem.Moder and Thornton (1965) consider ways of stacking pallets in a warehouse and the in? uence on space utilization and ease of storage and retrieval. They consider such design factors as lane depth, pallet placement angle with regards to the aisle, and spacing between storage lanes. Berry (1968) discusses the tradeoffs between storag e ef? ciency and material handling costs by developing analytic models to evaluate the total warehouse volume and the average decease distance for a given storage space requirement.The factors considered include warehouse shape, number, length and orientation of aisles, lane depth, throughput rate, and number of SKUs contained in the warehouse. It should be noted that the models for total warehouse volume and models for average locomote distance are not merged, and the warehouse layout that maximises storage ef? ciency is different from the one that minimizes die distance. fen (1979) uses simulation to evaluate the effect on space utilization of alternate lane depths and the rules for assigning incoming shipments to lanes.Marsh (1983) equalizes the layout design actual by using the simulation models of Marsh (1979) and the analytic models proposed by Berry (1968). Goetschalckx and Ratliff (1991) develop an ef? cient dynamic programming algorithm to maximize space utilizat ion by selecting lane depths out of a limited number of allowable depths and assigning incoming shipments to the different lane depths. Larson et al. (1997) propose a three-step heuristic for the layout problem of class-establish pallet storage with the offer to maximize storage space utilization and minimize material handling cost. The ? st soma determines the aisles layout and storage zone dimensions the second phase assigns SKUs to storage con? gurations and the third phase assigns ? oor space to the storage con? gurations. The research addressing the pallet block-stacking problem suggests different rules or algorithms, usually with restrictive assumptions, e. g. , the replenishment quantities and retrieval frequencies for each SKU are known. In reality, not only do these change dynamically, but the SKU set itself changes, and pallet block-stacking patterns that are honed for current conditions may be far from optimal in the near future. search is needed that will identify a robust solution in the face of dynamic indecision in the storage and retrieval requirements. 2. 3. 2. Storage department layout (P2) The storage department layout problem is to determine the aisle structure of a storage department in order to minimize the construction cost and material handling cost. The decisions usually include aisle orientations, number of aisles, length and width of aisles, and door locations.In order to evaluate operational costs, nearly assumptions are usually made closely the storage and order select policies random storage and single-command order select are the most common assumptions. By assuming a layout con? guration, or a small set of alternative con? gurations, models can be formulated to optimize each con? guration. Roberts and Reed (1972) assume storage space is available in units of identical bays. Bassan et al. (1980) consider a extraneous warehouse, and aisles that are either parallel or perpendicular to the presbyopicest walls.In attachm ent, they also discuss the optimal door locations in the storage department, and the optimal layout when the storage area is split into different zones. Roll and Rosenblatt (1983) extend Bassan et al. (1980) to include the additional cost due to the use of grouped storage policy. Pandit and Palekar (1993) minimize the evaluate response era of storage and/or retrieval requests using a queuing model to calculate the total response snip including waiting and processing clip for different types of layouts. With these response eons, an optimization model is topd to ? nd the optimal storage space con? urations. Roodbergen and Vis (2006) present an optimization approach for selecting the number and length of aisles and the depot location so as to minimize the evaluate length of a picking tour. They actual models for both S- do tours and a largest gap policy, and cogitate that the choice of routing policy could, in round cases, collapse a signi? cant impact on the size and layo ut of the department. The conclusion from Roodbergen and Vis (2006) is kind of significant, since it calls into question the attempt to optimize storage department layout without knowing what the true material handling performance will be. on that point is a need for additional research that helps to identify the magnitude of the impact of layout (for reasonably shaped departments) on total costs over the life of the warehouse, considering ever-changing storage and retrieval requirements. J. Gu et al. / European Journal of running(a) research 203 (2010) 539549 543 2. 3. 3. AS/RS con? guration (P3) The AS/RS con? guration problem is to determine the total of cranes and aisles, and storage rack dimension in order to minimize construction, maintenance, and operational cost, and/or maximize equipment utilization.The optimal design models or rule-ofthumb procedures summarized in Table 1 typically utilize some empirical expressions of the costs establish on simple assumptions for the operational policies, and known storage and retrieval rates. Karasawa et al. (1980) present a nonlinear mixed integer formulation with decision variables being the number of cranes and the height and length of storage racks and costs including construction and equipment costs while consoling helper and storage capacity requirements. Ashayeri et al. 1985) solve a problem similar to Karasawa et al. (1980). Given the storage capacity requirement and the height of racks, their models can be simpli? ed to include only a single design variable, i. e. , the number of aisles. Furthermore, the objective function is shown to be convex in the number of aisles, which allows a simple one-dimensional search algorithm to optimally solve the problem. Rosenblatt et al. (1993) propose an optimization model that is a slight modi? cation of Ashayeri et al. (1985), which allows a crane to serve multiple aisles.A feature optimization and simulation approach is proposed, where the optimization model g enerates an initial design, and a simulation evaluates performance, e. g. , service level. If the constraints evaluated by simulation are satis? ed, then the procedure stops. Otherwise, the optimization model is altered by adding new constraints that take in been constructed by approximating the simulation results. Zollinger (1996) proposes some rule of thumb heuristics for shrewd an AS/RS. The design criteria include the total equipment costs, S/ R apparatus utilization, service era, number of jobs waiting in the queue, and storage space requirements.Closed form equations compute these criteria as functions of the number of aisles and the number of levels in the storage rack. Malmborg (2001) uses simulation to re? ne the estimates of some of the parameters which then are used in the closed form equations. The design of automate merry-go-round storage systems is addressed by lee(prenominal) and Hwang (1988). They use an optimization approach to determine the optimal number of S/R machines and the optimal dimensions of the carousel system to minimize the initial investment cost and operational costs over a ? ite planning horizon subject to constraints for throughput, storage capacity, and site restrictions. Some other less well-discussed AS/RS design problems include determining the size of the introductory material handling unit and the con? guration of I/O points. Roll et al. (1989) propose a procedure to determine the single optimal container size in an AS/RS, which is the basic unit for storage and order picking. Container size has a direct effect on space utilization, and therefore on the equipment cost since the storage capacity requirement needs to be satis? ed. Randhawa et al. 1991) and Randhawa and Shroff (1995) use simulations to examine different I/O con? gurations on performance such as throughput, mean waiting snip, and maximum waiting time. The results indicate that increased system throughput can be achieved using I/O con? gurations diff erent from the common one-dock layout where the dock is located at the end of the aisle. There are two important opportunities for additional research on AS/RS con? guration (1) results for a much broader range of engineering options, e. g. , double deep rack, multi-shuttle cranes, etc. and (2) results demonstrating the predisposition of con? urations to changes in the expected storage and retrieval rates or the effect of a changing product mix. 2. 4. Equipment selection The equipment selection problem addresses the level of automation in a warehouse and what type of storage and material han- dling systems should be employed. These decisions plain are strategic in character in that they affect almost all the other decisions as well as the overall warehouse investment and performance. find the best level of automation is far from obvious in most cases, and in practice it is usually determined base on the personal experience of designers and managers.Academic research in this ca tegory is extremely rare. cyclooxygenase (1986) provides a methodology to evaluate different levels of automation based on a cost- productivity psychoanalysis technique called the hierarchy of productivity ratios. uncontaminating et al. (1981) develop analytical models to compare block stacking, single-deep and doubledeep pallet rack, deep lane storage, and unit lading AS/RS in order to determine the minimum space design. Matson and White (1981) extend White et al. (1981) to develop a total cost model incorporating both space and material handling costs, and demonstrate the effect of handling requirements on the optimum storage design. incisive et al. (1994) compare several(prenominal) competing small part storage equipment types assuming different product sizes and dimensions. They considered shelving systems, modular drawers, gloom ? ow racks, carousel systems, and mini-load storage/retrieval systems. The costs they considered include operational costs, ? oor space costs, and equipment costs. In summary, research on equipment selection is kind of limited and preliminary, although it is very important in the sense that it will affect the whole warehouse design and the overall biography costs.There are two fundamental issues for equipment selection (1) how to identify the equipment alternatives that are reasonable for a given storage/retrieval requirement and (2) how to select among the reasonable alternatives. A very signi? cant contribution would be to develop a method for characterizing requirements and characterizing equipment in such a way that these two issues could be addressed in a uni? ed manner. 2. 5. Operation strategy This section discusses the selection of operation strategies in a warehouse.The focus is on operation strategies that, once selected, amaze important effects on the overall system and are not in all likelihood to be changed frequently. Examples of such strategies are the decision between randomized and dedicate storage, or th e decision to use zone picking. two major operation strategies are discussed the storage strategy and the order picking strategy. Detailed operation policies and their implementations are discussed in Gu et al. (2007). 2. 5. 1. Storage The basic storage strategies include random storage, dedicated storage, class-based storage, and Duration-of-Stay (DOS) based storage, as explained in Gu et al. 2007). Hausman et al. (1976), sculpt et al. (1977) and Schwarz et al. (1978) compare random storage, dedicated storage, and class-based storage in single-command and dual-command AS/RS using both analytical models and simulations. They show that signi? cant reductions in go bad time are obtainable from dedicated storage compared with random storage, and also that class-based storage with relatively few classes yields run time reductions that are close to those obtained by dedicated storage.Goetschalckx and Ratliff (1990) and Thonemann and Brandeau (1998) show theoretically that DOS-based st orage policies are the most promising in terms of minimizing give-up the ghosting costs. Historically, DOS-based policies were dif? cult to implement since they require the bilking and management of each stored unit in the warehouse, but modern WMSs start this capability. Also the performance of DOS-based policies depends greatly on factors such as the skewness of demands, balance of input and output ? ows, stock certificate restrainer policies, and the speci? cs of implementation. In a consume by Kulturel et al. (1999), class-based 544 J. Gu et al. European Journal of Operational search 203 (2010) 539549 storage and DOS-based storage are compared using simulations, and the creator is found to consistently outperform the latter. This conclusion may acquire been reached because the assumptions of the DOS model rarely hold true in practice. All the results on operational strategies are for unit-load AS/RS. Studies on other storage systems are rarely reported. Malmborg and Al -Tassan (1998) develop analytic models to evaluate the performance of dedicated storage and randomized storage in lessthan-unit-load warehouses, but no general conclusions comparable to the unit-load case are given.A strong case can be made that additional research is needed, especially to clarify the conditions under which the storage policy does or does not progress to a signi? cant impact on capacity or travel time. 2. 5. 2. tell picking In a given solar day or shift, a warehouse may have some orders to pick. These orders may be similar in a number of respects for example, some orders are shipped using the comparable carrier, or transportation mode, or have the same pick due date and time.If there are similarities among subsets of orders that require them to be shipped together, then they also should be picked roughly during the same time period to avoid intermediate storage and staging. Thus, it is common practice to use roll picking, i. e. , to release a fraction of the d ays (shifts) orders, and to expect their picking to be completed within a agree fraction of the day (shift). In addition to undulation picking, two other commonly used orderpicking strategies are batch picking and zone picking.Batch picking involves the appointment of a group of orders to a selector switch to be picked simultaneously in one trip. In zone picking, the storage space is shared up into picking zones and each zone has one or more assigned pickers who only pick in their assigned zone. regulate picking can be divided into successive and parallel zone picking. resultant zone picking is similar to a ? ow line, in which containers that can hold one or more orders are passed consecutive through the zones the pickers in each zone pick the products within their zone, put them into the container, and then pass the container to the next zone. Bartholdi et al. (2000) propose a Bucket Brigades order picking method that is similar to sequential zone picking, but does not re quire pickers to be certified to zones). In parallel zone picking, an order is picked in each zone simultaneously. The picked items are sent to a downstream choose system to be liquefyd into orders. The presidential term and planning of the order picking process has to answer the following questions 1. Will product be transported to the picker (part-to-picker) or will the picker travel to the storage location (picker-to-part)? . Will orders be picked in hustles? If so, how many waves of what duration? 3. Will the warehouse be divided into zones? If so, will zones be picked sequentially or concurrently? 4. Will orders be picked in batches or separately? If they are batched, will they be sorted while picking or after picking? Depending on the operating principles selected, the order picking methods will be Single order picking. Batching with sort-while-pick. Batching with sort-after-pick. Sequential zoning with single order picking. Sequential zoning with batching. synchro nal zoning without batching. Concurrent zoning with batching. Research on the selection of an order picking strategy is very scarce, which might be a result of the complexity of the problem itself. Lin and Lu (1999) compare single-order picking and batch zone picking for different types of orders, which are classi? ed based on the order quantity and the number of ordered items. Petersen (2000) simulates ? ve different order-picking policies singleorder picking, batch picking, sequential zone picking, concurrent zone picking, and wave picking.Two ascendancy variables in the simulation study are the numbers of occasional orders and the demand skewness, while the other factors such as warehouse layout, storage assignment, and zone con? guration (when zone and wave picking are used) are ? xed. The performance measures used to compare the different policies include the mean daily labor, the mean length of day, and the mean persona of late orders. For each order picking policy, the sim plest rules regarding batching, routing, and wave length are used. It also should be noted that the performance measures are mainly related to order picking ef? iencies and service flavour additional costs caused by downstream sorting with batch, zone, and wave picking are not considered. Furthermore, affinity of these policies are made mainly with regards to the order structures, while other important factors such as storage assignment and detailed implementations of the order picking policies are simulated to be ? xed. Therefore, the results should not be considered generic wine and more research in this direction is demand to provide more focal point for warehouse designers. Order picking strategy selection remains a for the most part unresolved design problem.Additional research would be valuable, especially if it could begin to characterize order picking alternatives in ways that were wakeful to apply in design decision making. As an example, could researchers develop p erformance curves for different order picking strategies? 3. Performance evaluation Performance evaluation provides feedback on the quality of a proposed design and/or operational policy, and more importantly, on how to improve it. There are different approaches for performance evaluation benchmarking, analytic models, and simulations. This section will only discuss benchmarking and analytic models. 3. 1.Benchmarking Warehouse benchmarking is the process of systematically assessing the performance of a warehouse, identifying inef? ciencies, and proposing improvements. selective selective information Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is regarded as an appropriate tool for this task because of its capability to charm simultaneously all the relevant inputs (resources) and outputs (performances), to construct the best performance frontier, and to reveals the relative shortcomings of inef? cient warehouses. Schefczyk (1993), Hackman et al. (2001), and Ross and Droge (2002) shows some approach es and case studies of using DEA in warehouse benchmarking.An Internet-based DEA system (iDEAS) for warehouses is developed by the Keck lab at Georgia Tech, which includes information on more than 200 warehouses (McGinnis, 2003). 3. 2. Analytical models Analytic performance models fall into two main categories (1) aisle based models which focus on a single storage system and address travel or service time and (2) integrated models which address either multiple storage systems or criteria in addition to travel/service generation. J. Gu et al. / European Journal of Operational Research 203 (2010) 539549 545 3. 2. 1.Aisle based models Table 2 summarizes research on travel time models for aislebased systems. A signi? cant fraction of research focuses on the expected travel time for the crane in an AS/RS, for either single command (SC) or dual command (DC) wheels. For both, there is research addressing three different storage policies in randomized storage, any SKU can occupy any loca tion in dedicated storage, each SKU has a set of designated locations and in class based storage, a group of storage locations is allocated to a class of SKUs, and randomized storage is allowed within the group of storage locations.The issue with DC cycles is matching up storages and retrievals to minimize the dead-head travel of the crane, which may involve sequencing retrievals, and selecting storage locations. The results in this category usually assume in? nite acceleration to simplify the travel time models, although some develop more elaborate models by considering acceleration for the unlike axes of inquiry (see, e. g. , Hwang and Lee, 1990 Hwang et al. , 2004b Chang and Wen, 1997 Chang et al. , 1995).There are a few papers that attack the more mathematically challenge issue of deriving the dissemination of travel time (see Foley and Frazelle (1991) and Foley et al. (2002)). The research on carousel travel time models generally parallels fit AS/RS research. Given some knowledge of travel time, AS/RS service time models can be developed, considering the times required for load/unload and store/ mean at the storage slot. Queuing models have been developed assuming various distributions for travel time, see e. g. Lee (1997), Chow (1986), Hur et al. (2004), Bozer and White (1984), putting green et al. (2003a) for AS/RS, Chang et al. (1995) for conventional multi-aisle systems, and for end-of-aisle picking systems, see Bozer and White (1991, 1996), Park et al. (2003a), and Park et al. (1999). random optimization models have been developed for estimating AS/RS throughput, with constraints on storage queue length and retrieval request waiting time (Azadivar, 1986). The throughput of carousel systems is modeled by Park et al. (2003b) and Meller and Klote (2004).The former consider a system with two carousels and one picker, and derive analytic expressions for the system throughput and picker utilization assuming deterministic and exponential pick time distributions. Meller and Klote (2004) develop throughput models for systems with multiple carousels using an approximate two-server queuing model approach. For conventional multi-aisle storage systems (bin shelving, e. g. ), two kinds of travel time results have been developed (1) models which estimate the expected travel time and (2) models of the pdf of travel times.These models require an assumption about the structure of the tour, e. g. , traversal ( sign, 1993), return (Hall, 1993 or Caron et al. , 1998), or largest gap (Roodbergen and Vis, 2006). As long as these models are parameterized on attributes of the storage system design, they can be used to support design by clear-cut over the relevant parameters. As with AS/RS and carousels, there has been research to incorporate travel time models into performance models. plenty and Table 2 Literature of travel time models for different warehouse systems. Randomized storage Unit-load AS/RS Single-command Hausman et al. 1976) Boz er and White (1984) Thonemann and Brandeau (1998) Kim and Seidmann (1990) Hwang and Ko (1988) Lee (1997) Hwang and Lee (1990) Chang et al. (1995) Chang and Wen (1997) Koh et al. (2002) Lee et al. (1999) Graves et al. (1977) Bozer and White (1984) Kim and Seidmann (1990) Hwang and Ko (1988) Lee (1997) Han et al. (1987) Hwang and Lee (1990) Chang et al. (1995) Chang and Wen (1997) Koh et al. (2002) Lee et al. (1999) Meller and Mungwattana (1997) Potrc et al. (2004) Hwang and Song (1993) Bozer and White (1990) Bozer and White (1996) Foley and Frazelle (1991) Park et al. 1999) Han and McGinnis (1986) Han et al. (1988) Su (1998) Hwang and Ha (1991) Hwang et al. (1999) Hall (1993) Jarvis and McDowell (1991) Chew and nose drops (1999) Hwang et al. (2004a) Caron et al. (1998) Caron et al. (2000) Jarvis and McDowell (1991) Chew and Tang (1999) Hwang et al. (2004a) Park et al. (2003a) Dedicated storage Hausman et al. (1976) Thonemann and Brandeau (1998) Kim and Seidmann (1990) Class-based st orage Hausman et al. (1976) Thonemann and Brandeau (1998) Rosenblatt and Eynan (1989) Eynan and Rosenblatt (1994) Kouvelis and Papanicolaou (1995) Kim and Seidmann (1990) Pan and Wang (1996) Ashayeri et al. 2002) Dual-command Graves et al. (1977) Kim and Seidmann (1990) Graves et al. (1977) Kouvelis and Papanicolaou (1995) Kim and Seidmann (1990) Pan and Wang (1996) Ashayeri et al. (2002) Multi-shuttle Man-on-board AS/RS End-of-aisle AS/RS Carousel and dress circle racks Ha and Hwang (1994) Conventional multi-aisle system Jarvis and McDowell (1991) Chew and Tang (1999) Hwang et al. (2004a) 546 J. Gu et al. / European Journal of Operational Research 203 (2010) 539549 Tang (1999) use their model of the travel time pdf to crumple order batching and storage allocation using a queuing model.Bhaskaran and Malmborg (1989) present a stochastic performance evaluation model for the service process in multi-aisle warehouses with an approximated distribution for the service time that depends on the batch size and the travel distance. de Koster (1994) develops queuing models to evaluate the performance of a warehouse that uses sequential zone picking where each bin is assigned to one or more orders and is transported using a conveyer. If a bin needs to be picked in a speci? c zone, it is transported to the fit pick station.After it is picked, it is then put on the conveyor to be sent to the next pick station. The proposed queuing network model evaluates performance measures such as system throughput, picker utilization, and the average number of bins in the system based on factors such as the speed and length of the conveyor, the number of picking stations, and the number of picks per station. Throughput analysis of sorting systems is addressed in Johnson and Meller (2002). They assume that the induction process is the bottleneck of the sorting process, and therefore governs the throughput of the sorting system.This model is later incorporated into a more comprehensive model in Russell and Meller (2003) that integrates order picking and sorting to balance the tradeoffs between picking and packing with different order batch sizes and wave lengths. Russell and Meller (2003) also demonstrate the use of the proposed model in determining whether or not to automate the sorting process and in blueprint the sorting system. 3. 2. 2. Integrated models Integrated models combine travel time analysis and the service quality criteria with other performance measures, e. g. storage capacity, construction cost, and operational cost. Malmborg (1996) proposes an integrated performance evaluation model for a warehouse having a forward-reserve con? guration. The proposed model uses information about inventory management, forward-reserve space allocation, and storage layout to evaluate costs associated with storage capacity and space shortage inventory carrying, replenishing, and expediting and order picking and internal replenishment for the forward area. Malmborg (2 000) evaluates several performance measures for a twin-shuttle AS/RS.Malmborg and Al-Tassan (2000) present a mathematical model to estimated space requirements and order picking cycle times for less than unit load order picking systems that uses randomized storage. The inputs of the model include product parameters, equipment speci? cations, operational policies, and storage area con? gurations. Malmborg (2003) models the dependency of performance measures such as expected total system construction cost and throughput on factors such as the vehicle ? eet size, the number of lifts, and the storage rack con? gurations for warehouse systems that use rail guided vehicles.Table 3 A Summary of the literature on warehouse case studies. Citation Cormier and Kersey (1995) Yoon and Sharp (1995) Zeng et al. (2002) Kallina and Lynn (1976) Brynzer and Johansson (1995) Burkard et al. (1995) van Oudheusden et al. (1988) Dekker et al. (2004) Luxhoj and Skarpness (1986) Johnson and Lofgren (1994) Pr oblems studied Conceptual design Analytic travel time and performance models of storage systems represent a major contribution to warehouse design related research, and a rich set of models is available. thus far despite this wealth of prior results, there is no uni? d approach to travel time modeling or performance modeling for aisle based systems either system and every set of assumptions leads to a different model. A signi? cant research contribution would be to present a uni? ed theory of travel time in aisle-based systems. 4. Case studies There are some published industrial case studies, which not only provide applications of the various design and operation methods in practical contexts, but more importantly, also identify possible future research challenges from the industrial point of view. Table 3 lists these case studies, identifying the problems and the types of warehouse they investigated.It is dif? cult to generalize from such a small set of speci? c cases, but one c onclusion is that warm bene? ts can achieved by appropriately designing and operating a warehouse, see for example Zeng et al. (2002), van Oudheusden et al. (1988), and Dekker et al. (2004). On the other hand, one might conclude from these cases that there are few generic simple rules. As just one example, the COI-based storage location assignment rule proposed by Kallina and Lynn (1976) ignores many practical considerations, such as variable weights, item-dependent travel costs, or dependencies between items.Some of these complications have been addressed in the academic research (for example see Table 3 in Section 5. 2 of Gu et al. (2007)), but many others remain unexplored. What these cases illustrate is the gap between the assumption-restricted models in research publications and the complex reality of most warehouses. There is a signi? cant need for more industrial case studies, which will assistance the warehouse research community in better understanding the real issues in warehouse design. In turn, research results that have been tested on more realistic data sets will have a more substantial impact on practice.A warehouse design problem classi? cation, such as we have proposed here, might be used to structure such future case studies. 5. Computational systems There are numerous technical Warehouse perplexity Systems (WMS) available in the market, which basically help the warehouse manager to keep track of the products, orders, space, equipment, and human resources in a warehouse, and provide rules/algorithms for storage location assignment, order batching, pick routing, etc. Detailed review of these systems is beyond the scope of this paper.Instead, we focus on the academic research addressing computational systems for warehouse design. As previous sections show, research on various warehouse design and Type of warehouse A warehouse for perishable goods that requires Just-In-Time operations An order picking system A distribution center A distribu tion center Kitting systems that tag on materials to assembly lines An AS/RS where a S/R machine can serve any aisle using a switching gangway A man-on-board AS/RS in an integrated steel mill A multi-aisle manual of arms order picking system A distribution center A distribution centerConceptual design Storage location assignment warehouse dimensioning storage and order picking policies Storage location assignment using the COI rule Process ? ow batching zone picking Vehicle routing Storage location assignment batching routing Storage and routing policies Manpower planning Simulation by decomposition J. Gu et al. / European Journal of Operational Research 203 (2010) 539549 547 operation problems has been conducted for almost half a century, and as a result, a large number of methodologies, algorithms, and empirical studies have been generated.However, self-made implementations of these academic results in current commercial WMS systems or in engineering design software are rare. T he prototype systems discussed in this section might shed some light on how academic research results could be utilized to develop more sophisticated computer aided warehouse design and operation systems. Perlmann and Bailey (1988) present computer-aided design software that allows a warehouse designer to quickly generate a set of conceptual design alternatives including building shape, equipment selection, and operational policy selection, and to select from among them the best one based on the speci? d design requirements. To our knowledge, this is the only research paper addressing computer aided warehouse design. There are several papers on the design of warehouse control systems. Linn and Wysk (1990) develop an beneficial system for AS/ RS control. A control policy determines decisions such as storage location assignment, which item to retrieve if multi-items for the same product are stored, storage and retrieval sequencing, and storage relocation.Several control rules are ava ilable for each decision and the control policy is constructed by selecting one individual rule for each decision in a coherent way based on dynamically changing system state variables such as demand levels and traf? c intensity. A similar AS/RS control system is proposed by Wang and Yih (1997) based on neural networks. Ito et al. (2002) propose an intelligent performer based system to model a warehouse, which is composed of three subsystems, i. e. , performer-based communication system, element-based material handling system, and agent-based inventory planning and control system.The proposed agent-based system is used for the design and implementation of warehouse simulation models. Kim et al. (2002) present an agent based system for the control of a warehouse for cosmetic products. In addition to providing the communication function, the agents also make decisions regarding the operation of the warehouse entities they represented in a dynamic real-time fashion. The absence of r esearch prototypes for computer aided warehouse design is particularly puzzling, given the rapid packaging in computing ironware and software over the past decade.Academic researchers have been at the forefront of computer aided design in other disciplines, and particularly in developing computational models to support design decision making. Warehousing design, as a research domain, would appear to be serious for this kind of contribution. 6. Conclusions and discussion We have attempt a thorough examination of the published research related to warehouse design, and classi? ed papers based on the main issues addressed. Fig. 1 shows the numbers of papers in each category there were 50 papers directly addressing warehouse design decisions.There were an additional 50 papers on various analytic models of travel time or performance for speci? c storage systems or aggregates of storage systems. Benchmarking, case studies and other surveys account for 18 more papers. one clear conclus ion is that warehouse design related research has focused on analysis, primarily of storage systems rather than synthesis. enchantment this is somewhat surprise, an even more surprising observation is that only 10% of papers directly addressing warehouse design decisions have a publication date of 2000 or later.Given the rapid development of computing hardware and solvers for optimization, simulation, and general mathematical problems, one might reasonably expect a more robust design-centric research literature. We conjecture two primary inhibiting factors 1. The warehouse design decisions identi? ed in Fig. 1 are tightly coupled, and one cannot be analyzed or determined in isolation from the others. Yet, the models available are not uni? ed in any way and are not interoperable. A researcher addressing one decision would require a research infrastructure integrating all the other decisions.The scope and scale of this infrastructure appears too great a challenge for individual resea rchers. 2. To properly evaluate the impact of changing one of the design decisions requires estimating changes in the operation of the warehouse. Not only are future operating scenarios not speci? ed in detail, even if they were, the total warehouse performance assessment models, such as high ? delity simulations, are themselves a considerable development challenge. From this, we conclude that the most important future direction for the warehouse design research community is to ? d ways to reduce these two hurdles. Key to that, we believe, will be the emergence of standard representations of warehouse elements, and maybe some research community based tools, such as open-source analysis and design models. Other avenues for important contributions include studies describing validated or applied design models, and practical case studies that demonstrate the potential bene? ts of applying academic research results to real problems, or in identifying the hidden challenges that prevent their favored implementation.Finally, both analytic and simulation models are proposed to solve warehouse problems and each has its several(prenominal) advantages and disadvantages. Analytic models are usually design-oriented in the sense that they can explore many alternatives quickly to ? nd solutions, although they may not capture all the relevant details of the system. On the other hand, simulation models are usually analysis-oriented they provide an assessment of a given design, but usually have limited capability for exploring the design space. There is an important need to integrate both approaches to achieve more ? exibility in analyzing warehouse problems.This is also pointed out by Ashayeri and Gelders (1985), and its pertinency has been demonstrated by Rosenblatt and Roll (1984) and Rosenblatt et al. (1993). There is an enormous gap between the published warehouse research and the practice of warehouse design and operations. Cross fertilization between the groups of p ractitioners and researchers appears to be very limited. Effectively bridging this gap would improve the state-of-the-art in warehouse design methodology. Until such communication is established, the fit of meaningful expansion and enhancement of warehouse design methodology appears limited.Warehousing is an essential fragment in any supply chain. 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